Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO3124 > Classifications of Organisms > Flashcards

Classifications of Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of Classification (hierarchal divisions)

A
  • Kingdom (microbiologists use domains)
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Domains include…

A

Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukarya.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kingdoms include…

A

Archaeabacteria, Eubacteria, Animalia, Plantae, Protista and Fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Progenote

A
  • The last universal ancestor (LUCA)
  • Most universal ancestor for all organisms living on earth at this moment.
  • Organisms derived from this are then grouped into 3 domains/6 kingdoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Species

A
  • Taxonomic unit that represents a specific type of organism that can interbreed.
  • These organisms must be able to reproduce sexually.
  • Cannot be applied to bacteria (lack ability to reproduce sexually)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Do all MICROorganisms reproduce asexually (i.e. binary fission)?

A

Nope.
Although most bacteria/archaea reproduce via binary fission, some of these organisms exchange their genetic information via recombination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do all MACROorganisms reproduce sexually?

A

Nope.

Sexual reproduction is quite rare in some species but for the most part, animals do perform sexual reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are species identified?

A

Comparisons with known standard reference strains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Species (Microbiologist definition)

A

Set of strains that share significant characteristics and are different from other sets of strains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Strain

A

Population that results in unique individuals or pure cultures

i. e. different strains are just subtypes of a specific species (genetic variations)
ex. different races = different strains from the same species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Biotypes

A

Strains with biochemical/physiological differences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Morphotypes

A

Strains with morphological differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Serotypes

A

Strains with antigenic differences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathotypes

A

Disease-causing strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Properties of organisms used for classification

A
  • Colony morphology
  • Cell shape and grouping
  • Structure of cell wall (can be determined via gram stain)
  • Cell structures
  • Biochemical/metabolic characteristics
  • Serological testing
  • Molecular properties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Serological testing + its advantages

A
  • Uses antiserums (antibodies) specific against a group of microorganisms (aka their antigens)
  • Very specific
  • Doesn’t require pure cultures so we can identify microorganisms that cannot be grown in labs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Characteristics of molecular properties

A
  • G + C contents
  • Nucleic acid hybridization (dsDNA)
  • Nucleic acid sequencing.
  • *more in notes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Eubacteria classification:

A
  • Shape
  • Oxygen requirements
  • Diseases they cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of energy do Eubacteria produce?

A
  • Photosynthesis or Chemosynthesis from organic compounds
20
Q

Proteobacteria;

Domain, cell wall, membranes, energy

A
  • Eubacteria
  • Peptidoglycan cell wall
  • 2 membranes
  • Obtains energy via chemosynthesis or photosynthesis
21
Q

Photosynthetic Bacteria

A
  • Cyanobacteria (sulfur) and some Proteobacteria (Non sulfur).
  • These bacteria are pigmented with green and purple colors.
22
Q

Bacteroids;

Domain, cell membrane composition, environment + what type of pathogens are they?, oxygen requirements

A
  • Eubacteria
  • 1 sphingolipid (rare) membrane
  • Do not tolerate O2… found in intestines.
  • Opportunistic pathogens;
  • Mutualistic organisms!
23
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria;

Domain, cell wall, cell membrane, shapes, energy.

A
  • Eubacteria
  • Peptidoglycan cell wall
  • only ONE membrane
  • Usually spheres or rods
  • Chemosynthesis from organic compounds
  • ALSO makes spores.
24
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria; Domain, cell wall, cell membrane

A
  • Eubacteria
  • Peptidoglycan cell wall
  • TWO membranes (one outside one inside cell wall)
25
Q

Pathogens + Spores = ?

A

FATAL

26
Q

Atypical bacteria (list) + domain

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Mycoplasms
  • Spirochetes
  • Mycobacteria

Eubacteria

27
Q

Chlamydia; cell wall, cell membrane, energy production

A
  • Not based on peptidoglycan sugars
  • 2 membranes (Gram negative)
  • Obligate intracellular parasite + unable to generate energy…
28
Q

Obligate intracellular parasite

A

Cannot reproduce without a host as they have high reliance on intracellular resources.

It also needs an energy source from the host.

29
Q

Mycoplasms; cell wall, cell membrane, energy

A
  • No cell wall = no defined shape
  • Plasma membrane present
  • Obligate intracellular parasite = unable to generate energy
30
Q

Spirochetes; shape, diseases

A
  • cork screw

- Syphilis + lime disease

31
Q

Mycobacteria; Type of bacteria, cell wall, cell wall permeability, DNA + diseases

A
  • Acid fast bacteria bc of impermeability to dyes etc
  • mycolic acid in cell wall
  • Cell wall is mpermeable to stains and antibiotics
  • High G+C content
  • Tuberculosis + Leprosy
32
Q

Archaea; membrane bond, lipid variation, cell wall composition.

A
  • Cell membrane is distinguishable from other domains because the lipids have ether bonds (instead of ester)
  • Some membranes are monolayer.
  • Cell walls are not made of peptidoglycan
33
Q

Metabolism of Archaea

A
  • Extremophiles that do not require oxygen based on the extreme environments
  • Energy is obtained from chemosynthesis or INORGANIC electron sources
  • No glycolysis takes place
34
Q

Kingdom Fungi; Domain, type of cell, cell wall, energy, oxygen requirements, examples.

A
  • Eukarya
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Cell wall is made of chitin.
    Chemosynthesis via organic compounds.
  • 100% need oxygen except for yeast
  • Mold, yeast and mushrooms
  • NOT organized into tissues.
35
Q

Kingdom Protista; Domain, type of cell, energy + Examples + type of organisms

A
  • Eukarya
  • Unicellular (some multicellular)
  • Mostly NON photosynthetic
  • Mostly motile
  • 100% nned oxygen
  • Amoeba, green algae, brown algae diatoms, euglena, myxomyctes, ciliated protozoans
  • eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified in any other kingdom.
36
Q

Brown algae diatoms

A
  • have cell wall based on silica which is unique to its kingdom.
37
Q

Kingdom Plantae; Domain, type of cell, energy, O2 requirements, Cell wall or cell membrane, organization

A
  • Eukarya
  • Multicellular eukaryotic organisms
  • Photosynthesis
  • Cell walls
  • 100% need oxygen
    ex. Mosses, ferns, conifers…
  • organized into tissues.
38
Q

Kingdom Animalia; Domain, Cell wall, O2 requirements, energy, nutrient, organization, examples.

A
  • Multicellular organisms of domain eukarya
  • NO cell wall
  • 100% need oxygen
  • Chemosynthesis
  • Obtain nutrients via INJESTIONS
  • NO microorganisms
  • ex. sponges, worms, insects, rotifers, vertebrates
  • Organized into tissues.
39
Q

Multicellular means…

A

Organisms that consist of more than one cell.
Can be DIFFERENT cells or IDENTICAL cells.

Colony of identical cells = microorganisms
Colony of differentiated cells = not microorganisms

40
Q

Mycolic acid

A

Compounds similar to waxes found in cell wall.

This makes the bacteria highly impermeable to stains

41
Q

Why are mycobacteria considered to be gram positive?

A
  • They have a cell wall without external membrane.

- They also have a cell wall that traps stains in a similar way

42
Q

Spores are resistant to…

A

Heat, dehydration, UV + other chemical treatments.

highly impermeable.

43
Q

What happens to spores when they are found in unfavorable conditions?

A

Sporogenesis:

  • differentiation of vegetative cell into endospore (spore within a cell)
  • Dominant + tough structure that gives protection to spores.
44
Q

Spore

A

Cell can differentiate into this different cell type.

  • Cell can die and spores can be “stored” until a new host comes along.
  • ejected from dead cells
45
Q

Endospore

A
  • Spore that is within a vegetative cell

- coated with resistant coating (aka cell)

46
Q

Sporangium

A

Endospore + cell

BIO3124 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions