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Comparative Anatomy > Classification of Vertebrates > Flashcards

Classification of Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Subphyla

A
  1. Urochodata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Vertebrata [Craniata]
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2
Q

Chordate characteristics

A
  1. dorsal notochord
  2. dorsal tubular nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal gill slits
  4. ventral heart or aorta
  5. tend to have:
    i. some degree of cephalization
    ii. post-anal tail
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3
Q

Urochodata

A
  1. tunicates
  2. notochord present only in tail
  3. free living larvae but sessile adults
  4. filter feeders
  5. three classes
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4
Q

Cephalochordata

A
  1. lancelets or amphioxus
  2. well developed notochord length of body
  3. fish like form
  4. free living larvae and adults
  5. filter feeder by using the pharyngeal gill slits
  6. two extant genera
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5
Q

Vertebrata [Craniata]

A
  1. Brain
  2. well developed sense organs
  3. cranium
  4. most have vertebrae
  5. tend to have paired appendages
  6. large diverse group
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6
Q

origin

A
  1. Chordata—Hemichordata

2. Vertebrata—Cephalochordata

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7
Q

Classification of organisms

A
  1. Taxonomy
    i. Taxon
    ii. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
  2. Nomenclature
  3. Evolutionary classification
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8
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of defining groups of biological organisms

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9
Q

Taxon

A

a level of taxonomy

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10
Q

nomenclature

A

naming of organisms

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11
Q

evolutionary classification

A

classifying organisms due to evolutionary change

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12
Q

General characteristics of superclass Agnatha

A
  1. Lamprey and hagfish
  2. jawless fishes
  3. first known vertebrates
  4. first known vertebrates from Cambrian
  5. Last fossils are from the Carboniferous 345-325 mybp
  6. have a head with a brain and paired light sensitive organs “eye” that can not form images
  7. Agnatha lacks:
    i. jaws
    ii. teeth
    iii. pectoral of pelvic girdles
    iv. typical appendages
  8. large persistent notochord, vertebrae do not replace the notochord
  9. two semicircular canals in each ear
  10. soft skin no scales
  11. two chambered heart
  12. external fertilization
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13
Q

Class Myxini

A
  1. hagfishes
  2. probably diverged from vertebrates 530 my ago
  3. a single fossil hagfish is known form the Pennsylvanian
    i. paired tentacles, internal organs, and detail of the head and mouth are preserved
    ii. exceedingly similar to modern hagfishes
    iii. suggests little evolutionary change in over the 300 million years
  4. 200 slime glands
  5. degenerate eyes
  6. large tentacles around terminal nasal opening and mouth
  7. marine only
  8. no larval stage
  9. 5-15 pairs of pouched gills
  10. poorly developed cartilaginous skeleton
  11. multiple contracile vessles
  12. live in soft mud bottoms 25-600 m in depth, found up to 1000 m
  13. burrow in mud
  14. live in cold water <22C
  15. eat variety of foods, worms, also fish scavengers and predators
  16. lay 20-30 yolky eggs
  17. size is 20-70 mm
  18. density in Gulf of Maine is ~500000 km2
  19. skin used for leather in Korea
  20. six genera and over 60 species
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14
Q

200 slime glands

A
  1. can turn 7 L of water in a gelatinous mess in minutes
  2. slime used for protection
  3. slime absorbs water and covers the gills of predators
  4. to clean slime off of body they tie themselves in a knot and move slime forward
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15
Q

Multiple contractile vessels

A
  1. heart
  2. caudal heart
  3. cardinal vein heart
  4. portal vein heart
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16
Q

Class Cephalaspidomorphi

A
  1. extant order is Petromyzontiformes
  2. Lamprey
  3. only three definite forssil lamrey species are known
    i. from Pennsylvanian
    ii. very similar to living lampreys
    iii. group exhibits little change in 300 million years
  4. five genera, 41 species
  5. eel-like
  6. lateral eyes
  7. ventral mouth with horny teeth
  8. poorly developed cartilaginous skeleton but has well developed skull and branchial rein
  9. vertebrae lack centra but have rudimentary neural arches
  10. dorsal and caudal fins are present but not pectoral and pelvic fins
  11. lack a lateral septum so there are no epaxial or hypaxial muscles
  12. gills open into a respiratory tube that ends at the 7th arch
  13. may be more closely related to bony fish than the hag fishes or sharks
    i. have a neural keel instead of a neural tube as in sharks skates and rays
    ii. have a bulbus arteriosus [smooth muscle] rather than a conus arteriousus [cardiac]
  14. long larval life-5 years
  15. filter feed as larvae
  16. as adults there are 2 feeding types
    i. parasitic
    ii. non-parasitic
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17
Q

Parasitic cephalaspidomorphi

A
  1. filter by attacking fishes
  2. rasp hole in fish
  3. pump out blood and body fluids with a piston-like tongue
  4. produce an anti-coagulant
  5. may reach a meter in length
  6. Petromyzon marinus-sea lamprey gets to be half meter
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18
Q

Non-parasitic cephalaspidomorphi

A
  1. filter feed as larvae
  2. spawn as adults and then die
  3. get less than 20 cm
  4. occur all over the world in temperate seas
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19
Q

Superclass Agnatha

A
  1. Class Myxini

2. Class Cephalaspidomorphi

20
Q

Class Chondrichthyes

A
  1. sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras
  2. cartilaginous fish
  3. solid brain case
  4. paired fins
  5. Fertilization is internal-live young
    i. oviparous
    ii. ovoviviparous
    iii. viviparous
  6. 10 cranial nerves
  7. external nares only
  8. ventral mouth
  9. external gill openings
  10. herterocercal tail
  11. two-chambered heart
  12. placoid scales
  13. more primitive and unspecialized than bony fish but seem to have arose 30 million years later
  14. subclass Elasmobranchii-plate gills
21
Q

oviparous

A

organisms that lay external eggs. That egg produces a yolk.

22
Q

ovoviviparous

A

female retains the young in uterus. Young are attached to a yolk sack. Gas/waste occur through the mother and fetus

23
Q

vivparous

A

female retains young in her body all nutrient, gas, waste exchange occur through the mother and fetus

24
Q

Subclass Elasmobrancii

A
  1. plate gills
  2. name derived from the slit like external gill openings
  3. 5-7 gill openings
  4. mostly marine
  5. dogfish shark
25
Q

Grade Teleostomi [formerly Class Osteichthyes]

A
  1. bony fish
  2. 20000-40000 species
  3. gills located in a common chamber covered by an operculum
  4. have ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid scales, some no scales
  5. homocercal tail
  6. mouth terminal
  7. respiration by gills in most, lungs in a few
  8. swim bladder present
  9. two-chambered heart
  10. ten pairs of cranial nerves
  11. Ectothermic [cold blooded]
  12. fertilization is external or internal
  13. lay eggs or live birth
  14. true vertebrae
  15. pectoral and pelvic girdles attached to skull by a chain of bones
  16. class Actinopterygii
  17. Class Sarcopterygii
26
Q

Extothermic

A

Rely on outside heat [cold-blooded]

27
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A
  1. ray finned fish
  2. fins contain bony rays radiating from the body
  3. most of the fish diversity is in this class
28
Q

Class Sarcopterygii

A
  1. lobe finned fish
  2. fin rays attached to a lobe that stick out from the body
  3. not many extant forms
  4. Superorder Dipnoi
  5. Superorder Crossopterygii
29
Q

Superorder Dipnoi

A
  1. lungfish
  2. fresh water
  3. have internal nares
  4. functional lungs
30
Q

Superorder Crossopterygii

A
  1. similar to lungfish
  2. characteristic aquatic predators during the Middle and Late Devonian
  3. Distinguished by the particular pattern of many small bones on the top of the skull
  4. Elaborate labyrinthine folding of the enamel in the teeth
  5. pronounced fleshy fins containing the same basic bones as in the limbs of land animals
  6. evolved into Labyinthodont amphibians during the late Devonian
  7. Continued alongside their descendents for about a hundred million years
  8. Latimeria
    i. thought to have become extinict in the Cretaceous [70mya]
    ii. caught one in 1937 in the Indian Ocean
31
Q

Tetrapods changes

A
  1. streamlined body no longer necessary
  2. neck that turns head useful with no affect on locomotion
  3. median fins no longer needed
  4. lateral fins converted in to legs
  5. strong but flexible skeleton
  6. pulmonary circulation to lungs replaces gills
  7. skin must become desiccant resistant
  8. sensory systems that work in air
  9. oral glands to moisten food
  10. new mode of reproduction that frees organism from the water habit
32
Q

class amphibia

A
  1. subclass Labyrinthodontia-earliest tetrapods
  2. most are tetrapods
  3. skin is smooth and moist with lots of gland
  4. external and internal naives
  5. respiration by gills, lungs pharyngeal region, skin or any combination
  6. three-chambered heart [2 atrea, 1 ventricle]
  7. ectothermic
  8. urea is nitrogenous waste
  9. ten pairs of cranial nerves
  10. fertilization internal or external
  11. most lay eggs some have live births
  12. pedicellate teeth
  13. subclass lissamphibia
    i. order Anura-frongs and toads
    ii. Order Urodela-salamanders
    iii. Order Apoda-Caecilians
33
Q

Order Anura

A
  1. > 4000 species

2. earliest fossils from Jurassic [208-144 million years ago]

34
Q

Order Urodela

A
  1. earliest fossils from the Jurassic-150 million years ago
  2. ~380 different species
  3. 10 different families
35
Q

Order Apoda

A
  1. superficially resemble earthworms

2. ~50 species

36
Q

Class Amniotes

A
  1. reptiles, birds, and mammals
  2. those organisms with the 4 extraembyonic membranes
  3. not a formal taxon
37
Q

Class Reptilia

A
  1. gave rise to modern day reptiles, birds, and mammals
  2. Subclasses
    i. subclass Anapsida
    ii. subclass Diapsida
    iii. subclass Archosauromorph
    iv. subclass Synapsida
  3. most are tetrapods with five toads
  4. epidermal scales, few glands, not slimy
  5. lungs only
  6. three chambered heart, crocodiles four-chambered
  7. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  8. Ectothermic
  9. fertilizaiton internal, eggs laid or live birth
  10. Amniotic egg
38
Q

Subclass Anapsida

A
  1. all other subclasses from here
  2. no temporal openings
  3. order Cotylosaurs-stem reptiles
  4. Order Testudinata-turtles
39
Q

Subclass Diapsida

A
  1. two lateral temporal fossa
    i. superorder Ichtyosaurs-marine fishlike reptiles
    ii. Suborder Lepidosauria
    a. Order Squamata-squamate reptiles
    b. Order Rynchocephalia-spenodon
    iii. Suborder Sauropterygia-plesiosaurs
40
Q

Subclass Archosauromorph

A
  1. give rise to dinosuars
    i. Order Thecodontia-stem archosaurs
    ii. Order Pterosauria-pterodactyls
    iii. Order Saurischia-dinosaurs with a reptile-like pelvis
    iv. Order Ornithischia-dinosaurs with a bird-like pelvis
    v. Order Crocodilia- crocodiles, alligators and caimans
41
Q

amniotic egg

A

egg covered with shell and has extra-embryonic membranes

42
Q

Subclass Synapsida

A
  1. single temporal fossa
  2. Order Pelycosauria-early synapsids like Dimetron-sail
  3. Order Therapsida-give rise to mammals
43
Q

Class Aves

A
  1. Tetrapod-forelimbs modified for flight
  2. epidermal feathers and leg scales
  3. bony skeleton but bones are hollow
  4. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  5. four chambered heart
  6. respiration by lungs and accessory air sacs
  7. no urinary bladder
  8. fertilization internal
  9. amniotic egg
  10. Subclass Archaeornithes
  11. Neornithes-all other birds
  12. Arose from the Diapsida
44
Q

Subclass Archaeornithes

A
  1. earliest known birds

2. archeopteryx

45
Q

Class Mammalia

A
  1. hair
  2. nurse young with mammary glands
  3. four chambered heart
  4. endothermic
  5. non-nuculated red blood cells
  6. respiration by lungs
  7. fertilization internal, viviparous except for one group the Monotremes
  8. 12 cranial nerves
  9. Subclass Prototheriea
  10. Subclass Theria
  11. arose from the synapsida
46
Q

Subclass Prototheriea

A
  1. egg laying mammals

2. platypuse and Echidna

47
Q

Subclass Theria

A
  1. Infraclass Metatheria-yolk sac placentals, marsupials

2. Infaclass Eutheria-true placentals

Comparative Anatomy (4 decks)

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