classification of tumours Flashcards
what is meant by neoplasm
literal definition - new growth
in clinical practice = cancer
what is a cancer
a malignant tumour not otherwise specified
what is meant by -oma
a suffix applied to a lump
what is meant by -carcinoma
a suffix applied to malignant epithelial tumours
what is meant by -sarcoma
suffix applied to malignant connective tissue tumours
when does a tumour occur
when a cell accumulates enough mutations that over-ride the normal mechanisms that control the cells proliferation
this is when oncogenes get switched on or TSG to switched off
= expression of proteins that drive the cell to proliferate or lack of expression of a protein .’. uncontrolled division
characteristics of benign tumours
expansile growth, well defined edges, slow growth, homogenous appearance, no lymph or vascular invasion, may be encapsulated
typical features of a malignant tumour
ill-defined margins, infiltratrating edges, rapid growth, foci of necrosis/haemorrhage, no capsule, heterogenous cut surface, capacity to spread to adjacent organs, lymph nodes via blood
microscopic features of a benign tumour
resembles original tissue, low tumour cellularity, cells have low nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, round/oval nuclei with well-dispersed chromatin, no dyplasia in adjacent tissue, no vascular invasion
microscopic features of malignant tumours
little resemblance to original tissue, high cellularity, high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, atypical nuclei, numerous/atypical mitosos, dysplasia in adjacent tissue, vascular invasion often present
what are three main types of epithelium
squamous epithelium
glandular epithelium
transitional epithelium
what is a benign tumour on squamous epithelium called
squamous papilloma
what is a malignant tumour on squamous epithelium called
squamous cell carcinoma
what is a benign tumour on glandular epithelium called
adenoma
what is a malignant tumour on glandular epithelium called
adenocarcinoma
what is a benign tumour on transitional epithelium called
transitional papilloma
what is a malignant tumour on transitional epithelium called
transitional papilloma
what is squamous epithelium
is what covers most of our outer surfaces (skin, oropharynx, oesophagus, anal canal, vagina, external auditory canal etc.
what is glandular epithelium
covers GI tract from stomach to rectum. lines ducts and acini of glands as well as forming tubular structures such as renal tubules.
what is uroepithelium
covers the urothelial tract
what is a fibroma
benign tumour of fibrous tissue
what is a fibrosarcoma
malignant tumour of fibrous tissue
what is a lipoma
benign tumour of adipose tissue
what is a liposarcoma
malignant tumour of adipose tissue
