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MOD > classification of tumours > Flashcards

classification of tumours Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by neoplasm

A

literal definition - new growth

in clinical practice = cancer

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2
Q

what is a cancer

A

a malignant tumour not otherwise specified

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3
Q

what is meant by -oma

A

a suffix applied to a lump

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4
Q

what is meant by -carcinoma

A

a suffix applied to malignant epithelial tumours

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5
Q

what is meant by -sarcoma

A

suffix applied to malignant connective tissue tumours

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6
Q

when does a tumour occur

A

when a cell accumulates enough mutations that over-ride the normal mechanisms that control the cells proliferation
this is when oncogenes get switched on or TSG to switched off
= expression of proteins that drive the cell to proliferate or lack of expression of a protein .’. uncontrolled division

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7
Q

characteristics of benign tumours

A

expansile growth, well defined edges, slow growth, homogenous appearance, no lymph or vascular invasion, may be encapsulated

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8
Q

typical features of a malignant tumour

A

ill-defined margins, infiltratrating edges, rapid growth, foci of necrosis/haemorrhage, no capsule, heterogenous cut surface, capacity to spread to adjacent organs, lymph nodes via blood

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9
Q

microscopic features of a benign tumour

A

resembles original tissue, low tumour cellularity, cells have low nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, round/oval nuclei with well-dispersed chromatin, no dyplasia in adjacent tissue, no vascular invasion

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10
Q

microscopic features of malignant tumours

A

little resemblance to original tissue, high cellularity, high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, atypical nuclei, numerous/atypical mitosos, dysplasia in adjacent tissue, vascular invasion often present

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11
Q

what are three main types of epithelium

A

squamous epithelium
glandular epithelium
transitional epithelium

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12
Q

what is a benign tumour on squamous epithelium called

A

squamous papilloma

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13
Q

what is a malignant tumour on squamous epithelium called

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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14
Q

what is a benign tumour on glandular epithelium called

A

adenoma

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15
Q

what is a malignant tumour on glandular epithelium called

A

adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

what is a benign tumour on transitional epithelium called

A

transitional papilloma

17
Q

what is a malignant tumour on transitional epithelium called

A

transitional papilloma

18
Q

what is squamous epithelium

A

is what covers most of our outer surfaces (skin, oropharynx, oesophagus, anal canal, vagina, external auditory canal etc.

19
Q

what is glandular epithelium

A

covers GI tract from stomach to rectum. lines ducts and acini of glands as well as forming tubular structures such as renal tubules.

20
Q

what is uroepithelium

A

covers the urothelial tract

21
Q

what is a fibroma

A

benign tumour of fibrous tissue

22
Q

what is a fibrosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of fibrous tissue

23
Q

what is a lipoma

A

benign tumour of adipose tissue

24
Q

what is a liposarcoma

A

malignant tumour of adipose tissue

25
Q

what is a neurofibroma

A

benign tumour of nerve tissue

26
Q

what us a neurofibrosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of nerve tissue

27
Q

what is a chondroma

A

benign tumour of cartilage tissue

28
Q

what is a chondrosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of cartilage tissue

29
Q

what is an osteoma

A

benign tumour of bone

30
Q

what is osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of bone

31
Q

what is leimyoma

A

benign tumour of smooth muscle

32
Q

what is leimyosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of smooth muscle

33
Q

what is rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumour of striated muscle

34
Q

what is rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumour of striated muscle

35
Q

what are gliomas

A

malignant brain tumours

36
Q

what does tamoxifen do

A

block oestrogen receptors in tumours of the breast

37
Q

what dos hermceptin do

A

targets EGF receptor in certain tumours of the breast

38
Q

what factors may influence the prognosis of a patient

A

grade of the tumour, stage of the tumour, site of the tumour, host reaction to the tumour, production of ECM (this ennhances tumor spread and limits access of chemothrerapeutic agents`

MOD (13 decks)

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