Classification of Tumours

Question 1

What is neoplasia and a neoplasm?

Answer 1

Neoplasia is an autonomous, purposeless process where proliferation is uncontrolled. Its cells compete with normal cells for its needs. Neoplasm is new growth (baso a tumour)

Question 2

List environmental factors that can contribute to cancer development

Answer 2

Infectious agents, Smoking, Alcohol consumption, Diet, Obesity, Reproductive history, Environmental carcinogens

Question 3

Describe the macroscopic characteristics of benign neoplasms

Answer 3

Clear defined borders (+ tend to have capsule but not all), Pushing Margin (grow slowly and compress tissue around but don’t destroy, just push), Homogenous cut surface with little to no haemorrhage/necrosis (means tissue’s been cut and appears relatively uniform and consistent), Organ Confined

Question 4

Describe the macroscopic characteristics of malignant neoplasms

Answer 4

Ill-defined or Irregular / Infiltrative
margin, no capsule or extension beyond, Heterogenous cut surface
(Necrosis & Haemorrhage), Infiltration of adjacent
organs, Spread to lymph nodes

Question 5

Describe the microscopic characteristics of benign neoplasms

Answer 5

Resemble tissue of origin, Low cellularity,
Low nuclear:cytoplasmic
ratio (1:4) i.e. small nucleus, Regular round or oval nuclei, Dispersed chromatin, Rare mitotic figures (N), No necrosis, No lymphovascular
invasion

Question 6

Describe the microscopic characteristics of benign neoplasms

Answer 6

Little resemblance to cell of origin, high cellularity, high NCR, Irregular pleomorphic nuclei, macronucleoli, coarse chromatin, frequent mitotic figures, necrosis, lymphovascular invasion

Question 7

What are the divisions of epithelial and mesenchymal tumours? give examples

Answer 7

Epi = benign can be papilloma of squamous, glandular ot transitional cell epithelium, it can also be adenoma of glandular epithelium. Malignant is carcinoma e.g. squamous, adenocarcinoma, transitional cell. Mesenchymal = benign u add -oma suffic e.g, lipoma, chondroma, angioma etc. Malignant u add sarcoma e.g. liposarcoma, chondro-sarcoma, angiosarcoma etc

Question 8

Where is glandular epithelium found?

Answer 8

Lines organs and found in GIT, resp tract, female genital tract. Lines ducts and acini of glands such as breast, prostate, pancreas, biliary tract, salivary gland, endocrine organs

Question 9

Give examples of tumours arising vessels and surface lym