Classification of skill and Methods & Types of practice Flashcards
what is a motor skill
an action or task that has a goal and that requires voluntary body movement to achieve the goal and is learned rather than being innate
what is the difficulty continuum
simple vs complex skills. concerned with number of judgements that have to be made, the more decisions the more complex the skill
what are complex skills with example
skills which require many decisions and judgements & are complicated. may be learned in stages
eg somersault
what is a simple skill with example
straightforward skills with very few judgements. require little concentration eg swimming/sprinting
what’s the environmental continuum
open vs closed skills. effects of the environment on skills
what is an open skill w example
skills affected by the environment (constantly changing and adapting) eg a pass in any competitive game eg netball
what are closed skills w example
skills which are not affected by the environment due to it being predictable and follow set patterns -tend to be self-paced. eg a free throw in basketball or serving in tennis
what is the pacing continuum
self-paced vs externally paced. based off timing of movements (goes along side environmental continuum)
what are self-paced skills w example
where are performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed, the skills are usually closed. eg a javelin throw
what are externally paced skills w example
where the performer must pay attention to external events to control the rate of movement, they involve reaction. usually open skills eg shooting in basketball/ball games has to be timed with other players/ball
what is the precision of movement continuum
gross vs fine. based off precision of movement
what is a gross skill w example
skills involving large muscle movements and are not very precise. including movements like walking. jumping. eg shot put
what is a fine skill w example
skills involving small muscle movements and use small muscle groups. tend to be precise and involve high levels of hand-eye coordination. eg snooker shot or dart throw
what is the continuity continuum
discrete vs serial vs continuous. how well defined the beginning and end of a skill is
what are discrete skills w examples
have a clear beginning and end, single and specific skills which make up actions involved in a lot of sports like throwing and hitting. eg penalty flick in hockey
what are serial skills w examples
skills which are put together to make new and complex movements- group of discrete skills. eg the sequence of skills for a triple jump (hop,step,jump)
what are continuous skills w example
have no obvious beginning or end, end of one cycle is the beginning of the next. repeated as a fixed set pattern. eg swimming, cycling, running
what is the organisation continuum
low vs high. how a skill can be broken down or is made up
what are low org skills w examples
easily separated in subroutines, skill is easy, some phases may be practiced separately. eg swimming strokes, trampolining sequence
what are high org skills w examples
difficult to broke down as phases are closely linked together. eg cartwheel, gold swing, dribbling in basketball
what are the methods of practice
whole
part
whole-part-whole
progressive part
what is whole practice with ao3
-skill is demonstrated then practised as a whole (no subroutines) eg golf swing
+promotes kinesthesis/kinaesthetic awareness
+best for quick skills, all components interact so taught as ‘whole’
-unsuitable for complex/dangerous skills
-may be too advanced for young performers
-slow progression/lower confidence/motivation
what is part practice with ao3
-parts of the skills are practiced as individual subroutines (in isolation)
+good for motivation & focus of specific element
+doesn’t overload performer
-transfer from part to whole may not be effective
-reduce kinaesthetic awareness
what is whole-part-whole practice with ao3
-whole skill is demonstrated then practiced, skill is then broke into individual elements and then the whole skill is practiced back together
eg breaststroke; isolated kick practice using floats then put together
+effective in skills with easily distinguishable parts, where the whole skill is complex
what is progressive-part practice with ao3
-learns individual subroutines in chronological order and then they’re linked together and expanded.
+allows you to target weakness
+aids correct timing
-is a slow process
what are the types of practice with
fixed
massed
variable/varied
distributed
what is fixed practice with ao3
-continuous practice of a specific skill
(drills)
-predictable environment and same conditions
+best with discrete,closed skills
-repetitive/tedious
what is variable/varied practice with ao3
-practice of a skill in varying situations
-environmental and situation is changed to prepare for match conditions
+prevents boredom and motivated performers
+allowed adaptation to new situations (open skills)
-may overwhelm or confuse beginners
-basic technique has to be learnt first before the practice is used
what is massed practice with ao3
-continuous practice without breaks
+useful for performers with good fitness
-can only be used for simple skills and not dangerous ones
-repetitive/tedious
what is distributed practice with ao3
-practice which has break intervals to allow rest and mental rehearsal
+best for difficult and dangerous skills
+useful for poorly motivated individuals
-time consuming
what is transfer
what are the types of transfer
positive
negative
proactive
retroactive
bilateral
