Classification Of Major Neurotransmitter Families Flashcards
Amino acids neuropeptides
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glutamate
Glycine
Opioid Peptides
Enkephalins - met-enkephalin, leukemia-enkephalin
Endorphins- b-endorphin
Dynorphines - Dynorphin A
Peptides
Oxytocin, substance P, cholecystokinin (CCK)
Vasopressin
Hypothalamic-releasing hormones
Purines
Adenosine
Gases
Nitric oxide
Carbon monoxide
Lipids
Endocannabinoids- arachidonoylethanolamine ( anandamide or AEA)
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG),
2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether ( noladin ether) N- arachidonoyl dopamine( NADA)
Virodhamine (OAE)
Lysophoaphatidylinositol (LPI)
Amines - quaternary
AcH made by choline and acetylene CoA, store in vesicles
Distributed widely in the brain
Acetylocholinesterase (ACHe) enzyme to terminate AcH action
Alzheimer’s disease patients show deficiencies in AcH
Reversible ACHe inhibitors
Less toxic, shorter acting, used as cognitive enhancers
Irreversible AChE inhibitors
Toxic, usually fatal
Found in gardening and agriculture as insecticides
Also used in military as nerve gases like Sarin and Soman
“Fast” Cholinergic Receptors
Nicotinic - fast type ; IONOTROPIC
“Slow” type of Cholinergic Receptors
METABOTROPIC “slow”
Bind AcH and Muscarine ( substance found in poison mushrooms)
M1-M5 (receptor subclass)
Involved in memory, behavioral arousal, attention, energy conservation, mood, analgesia
Acetylcholine (AcH)
Acetylcholine-CoA + Choline ( from diet) combination occurs
When broken down in synaptic cleft by ACHe into acetate (A) and choline (Ch)
Cholinergic Receptors
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
AChE inhibitors
Irreversible-pesticides, gases, toxic
Reversible- treats Alzheimer’s, cognitive enhancers
Where is ACh produced?
Septal nucleus and nucleus basalis
Projects to forebrain
Midbrain
Projects to reticular formation, pons, cerebellum and cranial nerve nulclei
