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patho 2 > Classification of Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Classification of Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are primary endocrine disorders?

A

disorders involving control by the anterior pituitary gland. It is the intrinsic malfunction of the hormone producing target gland.

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2
Q

What are secondary endocrine disorders?

A

disorders involving control by the anterior pituitary gland. It is the malfunction of the hypothalamus/pituitary cells that control the hormone producing target gland.

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3
Q

What happens in a Primary Disorder Hypersecretion?

A

The target gland over secretes due to a pathology directly affecting it. The hormone secreted will be high, but the stimulating hormone from the ant. pit. will be low. Hypersecretion is due to secreting tumors, autoimmune disease, or excessive stimulation of the gland by trophic signals.

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4
Q

What happens in Secondary Disorder Hypersecretion?

A

The pituitary/hypothalymus over stimulates the target gland, so both the hormone and the stimulating hormone from the ant. pit. will be high.

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5
Q

What happens in Primary Disorder Hyposecretion?

A

The target gland under secretes due to a pathology directly affecting it. The hormone secreted will be low, but the stimulating hormone from the ant. pit. will be high.

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6
Q

What happens in Secondary Disorder Hyposecretion?

A

The pituitary/hypothalamus under stimulates the target gland, so both the hormone and the stimulating hormone from the ant. pit. will be low.

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7
Q

Acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of the Growth Hormone during adulthood. The cause being a GH secreting pituitary adenoma. This tumor can grow and impinge on the optic chiasm producing visual field defects. Excess somatotropin (GH) AFTER the epiphyseal closure (marks the end of growth in a bone).

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8
Q

Gigantism

A

Hypersecretion of the Growth Hormone in children and adolescents. Excess somatotropin (GH) BEFORE the epiphyseal closure (marks the end of growth in a bone).

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9
Q

Will a GH-Deficient person be HYPO or HYPER glycemic?

A

Hypoglycemic because they don’t produce enough GH, and GH and cortisol are necessary to maintain a normal state. The GH hormone is known as the diabetogenic hormone.

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10
Q

What is a useful indicator of GH Hypersecretion?

A

An elevated IGF-1 Level, and an elevated GH level that isn’t suppressed by administration.

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11
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Congenital hypothyroidism that results in significant defects of mental and physical development. Typically due to thyroid dysgenesis. Can be endemic (iodine deficiency), genetic, or sporatic.

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12
Q

What is Lymphocytic Thyroiditis? (Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis-chronic)

A

When the thyroid becomes enlarged caused by lymphocytic infiltration. TSH levels from the pituitary gland increase.
-Type 1 DM
-Vitiligo

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13
Q

What is essential for T3 and T4 synthesis?

A

Iodine. Deficiency in iodine causes a decrease in T3 and T4, but it doesn’t affect thyroglobulin levels. Low levels of T3 and T4 may not show until later stages of hypothyroidism.

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14
Q

Increased TSH causes thyroid cells to secrete. large amounts of what?

A

Thyroglobulin, which causes goiter.

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15
Q

What can cause Secondary Hypothyroidism?

A

Defects in TSH production.
Issues that derive in the brain:
-Severe head trauma
-Cranial neoplasms
-Brain infections
-Cranial irradiation
-Neurosurgical procedures

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16
Q

What items have goitrogenic substances?

A

Varieties of turnips and cabbage.
The drug lithium.

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17
Q

What does hypothyroidism do to the basal metabolic rate?

A

It causes it to decrease, and this decrease is the cause for many signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism.
-dry skin
-tiredness
-bradycardia
-puffy face
-cold intolerance
-mild depression
-menstrual irregularities
-elevated cholesterol

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18
Q

What is Myxedema?

A

Severe or prolonged thyroid deficiency. Occurs from the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in interstitial places in the body, which then retain fluid and cause edematous looking skin.

19
Q

What is Myxedema coma?

A

It is a medical emergency when a pt may appear sluggish or in an altered mental state, have elevated cholesterol, and cool skin. Can happen after a pt experiences sepsis, trauma, or certain medications.

20
Q

How will Primary hypothyroidism manifest clinically?

A

As elevated TSH levels.

21
Q

How does Secondary hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction present clinically?

A

Low levels of TSH and T4.

22
Q

How is Hypothyroidism treated?

A

Oral levothyroxine medication. It supplements the thyroid hormone. Administered intravenous for myxedema.

23
Q

What causes Hyperthyroidism?

A

Pituitary adenoma
* Thyroid carcinoma
* Autoantibodies that bind and stimulate TSH receptors on
the thyroid gland leading to a diffuse toxic goiter (Graves
disease)
* Ingestion of thyroid hormone preparations or excessive
iodides

24
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Primary—autonomous
  • Secondary—mediated through stimulation of TSH
    receptors by substances such as TSH
  • Autoimmune—related to TSH receptor antibodies
25
Q

Clinical manifestations of Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Changes in behavior, insomnia, restlessness, tremor,
    irritability, palpitations, heat intolerance,
    diaphoresis, inability to concentrate that interferes
    with work performance
  • Increased basal metabolic rate leads to weight loss,
    although appetite and dietary intake increase
  • Amenorrhea/scant menses
26
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

It’s an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism. Edema of orbit, exopthalmos, extrocular muscle weakness. Showcase of bulging eyes. A goiter can develop.

27
Q

What is Thyrotoxicosis?

A

A hyperthyroid condition that is associated with significant symptoms of the disorder.

28
Q

What is the best indicator of Hyperthyroidism?

A

Undetectable TSH levels, and increased levels of T3 and T4.

29
Q

What is Thyroid Storm?

A

A form of life-threatening thyrotoxicosis
that occurs when excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are acutely released into circulation.

30
Q

What are the manifestations of Thyroid Storm?

A

– Elevated temperatures, tachycardia, arrhythmias
– Extreme restlessness, agitation, and psychosis
– Vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, and jaundice

31
Q

Treatments for Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Symptomatic relief: Beta blockers
  • Reduce circulating hormones: methimazole, propylthioricil
  • More permanent treatment: surgical removal of thyroid, radioactive iodine
32
Q

Treatments for Thyroid Storm

A
  • Aggressive management to achieve metabolic balance
  • Antithyroid drugs are given followed by iodine
    administration
  • Beta-blockers to alleviate symptoms
  • Antipyretic therapy
  • Fluid replacement
  • Glucocorticoids
33
Q

What are the 3 steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. glucocorticoids (cortisol, SUGAR)
  2. mineralcorticoids (aldosterone, SALT)
  3. androgen steroids (SEX)
34
Q

Glucocorticoid synthesis is regulated by what hormone?

A

ACTH from the pituitary which is controlled by CRH.

35
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A
  • Secrete catecholamines:
  • Norepinephrine (NE, nonadrenaline)
  • Epinephrine (E, adrenaline)
  • Dopamine
36
Q

Mineralcorticoid synthesis is regulated by what?

A

renin-angiotensin system

37
Q

What is Primary Adrenocorticol Insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease. It is the destruction of the adrenal gland. High ACTH levels and hyperpigmentation of the skin due to the pituitary.

38
Q

What is Secondary Adrenocorticol Insufficiency?

A

Low levels of ACTH and CRH which results from:
- pituitary or hypothalamic disease.
- long-term suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by
glucocorticoids  adrenal atrophy.

39
Q

What is Cushing’s Disease?

A

A form of hyperadrenalism. Excess cortisol due to anterior pituitary hyperstimulation of ACTH.

40
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Hypercortisolism and elevated ACTH levels due to pituitary adenomas or non pituitary tumors. Commonly due to exogenous steroids.

41
Q

What is Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

42
Q

What causes Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

caused by enzymatic
abnormalities in steroid synthesis.

43
Q

What is Addisonian crisis/acute adrenal insufficiency?

A

Life-threatening condition caused by inadequate levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) in circulation.

patho 2 (1 decks)

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