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5. Evolution and Biodiversity > Classification of biodiversity > Flashcards

Classification of biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the binomial system?

A
  • Universal system for naming species and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses, newly discovered species get name by binomial system
  • Allows for the identification and comparisons of organisms
  • Shows how closely related organisms are, predict evolutionary links
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2
Q

What does genus and species mean?

A
  • Genus: group of species that share characteristics, may not be able to interbreed
  • Species: group of organisms in the same genus that are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring (refer to a specific trait)
  • There may be sub-species (third name), belong to same species but different sub-species
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3
Q

How does the binomial system work?

A
  • Genus, is the first name (upper case), species is the second name (lower case)
  • Complete name of genus and species –> underlined
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4
Q

What is taxonomy?

A
  • The science involved with classifying groups or organisms on the bases of shared characteristics
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5
Q

What is taxa and on what basis are organisms classified?

A
  • Levels of groupings, as we go up each level, each higher level includes a larger group pf organisms
  • Called hierarchy of taxa
  • Organisms are classified according to a series of hierarchical taxa
  • The more taxa are shared down to the species level, the similar they are (produce fertile offspring)
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6
Q

What is the hierarchy of taxa?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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7
Q

What are the domains and its members?

A
  • Eukarya: eukaryotes
  • Archaea: archaeans
  • Eubacteria: bacetria
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8
Q

What are the features of the domain eukaryote?

A
  • No cell wall
  • Chromosomes
  • True nucleus
  • Membrane-bound organelles
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9
Q

What are the features of the domain eubacteria?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Have a cell wall (peptidoglycan)
  • Lack a nucleus
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10
Q

What are the features of the domain archaea?

A
  • Contain RNA (genetic material)
  • Do not have a peptidoglycan cell wall
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11
Q

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryota?

A
  • Protoctists, fungi, plantae, animalia
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12
Q

What are the two main classification schemes? How do they differ?

A
  • Artificial and natural classification
  • Differ in the way characteristics and features are established
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13
Q

What is artificial classification?

A
  • Organisms are grouped by basic characteristics which do not show evolutionary relationships
  • Unifying characteristics are arbitrarily selected first, according organisms are then grouped
  • Groups of species may be separated into different genera if new evidence suggests they evolved from different ancestral species
  • E.g. all organisms with wings are classified together
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14
Q

What is natural classification?

A
  • Grouping organisms based on similarities first and then identifying shared characteristics
  • All members of a particular group share a common ancestor. Identifies traits based on groupings
  • Show evolutionary relationships, predict characteristics shared by species in a group
  • Tend to change as new information is discovered
  • Each taxonomic level includes all species that would have evolved from a common ancestor (e.g. species in same genus have common genus ancestor)
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15
Q

What is the third type of classification?

A
  • Phylogenetic classification
  • Differentiate organisms based on genetics
  • Greater level of similar DNA or amino acid sequences are more closely related
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16
Q

Classify an animal from domain to species level.

A

Blue whale: eukaryota, animalia, chordata, mammalia, cetacea, balaenopteridae, balaenoptera, musculus

17
Q

Classify a plant from domain to species level.

A

Garlic: eukaryota, plantae, magnoliophyta, liliopsida, asparagales, amaryllidaceae, allium, sativum

18
Q

What are the four features of the plant phylum?

A
  • Bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta
19
Q

What are the features of bryophyta?

A
  • Have NO vascular tissue, cannot transport water, absorb water from envrionment
  • Reproduce by using spore capsules called sporangia
  • Have rhizoids that hold them in the soil
  • Have no ‘true’ leaves, roots or stems
  • E.g. mosses
20
Q

What are the features of filicinophyta?

A
  • Have vascular system (xylem and phloem)
  • Have leaves, shallow roots and stems
  • Reproduce by releasing spores from clusters called sori, on the underside of the leaves
  • E.g. Ferns
21
Q

What are the features of coniferophytes?

A
  • Has a vascular system
  • Have leaves, roots and stems (waxy and needle-like)
  • Reproduce by non-motile seeds which are found in cones, pollination
  • E.g. pine trees
22
Q

What are the features of angiospermophytes?

A
  • Have vascular system
  • Have leaves, roots and stems
  • Reproduce by seeds produced in ovules (fruits)
  • E.g. flowering plants and grasses
23
Q

What are the seven features of the invertebrate animal phylum?

A
  • Porifera, cnidaria, platyhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, chordata
24
Q

What are the features of porifera?

A
  • No asymmetrical body
  • No mouth or anus
  • May have silica or calcium carbonate based spicules for structural support
  • E.g. sea sponges
25
Q

What are the features of cnidaria?

A
  • Radial symmetry body (symmetrical along multiple planes from centre of body)
  • Have a mouth but no anus
  • May have tentacles to capture prey
  • E.g. jellyfish
26
Q

What are the features of platyhelmintha?

A
  • Have bilateral symmetry (both halves of body look the same)
  • Have a mouth but no anus
  • Have a flattened body to increase SA:Volume ratio
  • E.g. tapeworms
27
Q

What are the features of annelida?

A
  • Have bilateral symmetry
  • Have a mouth and an anus
  • Body divided into ringed segments with some specialization of segments
  • E.g. earthworms
28
Q

What are the features of mollusca?

A
  • Have bilateral symmetry
  • Have a separate mouth and anus
  • Contain a calcareous shell (CaCO3) for mantle
  • E.g. snail
29
Q

What are the features of arthropoda?

A
  • Have bilateral symmetry
  • Have a mouth and an anus
  • Have jointed legs, but segmented bodies
  • E.g. insects
30
Q

What are the features of chordata?

A
  • Have bilateral symmetry
  • Have a mouth and an anus
  • Have nervous systems
  • E.g. mammals, birds (all vertebrates)
31
Q

What are the 5 sub-phylums of the chordates (vertebrates)?

A
  • Birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish
32
Q

Explain the features of fish.

A
  • Covered in scales made of bony plates in skin
  • Reproduce by external fertilisation (egg)
  • Breath through gills
  • Does not maintain a constant internal body temp.
33
Q

Explain the features of amphibians.

A
  • Moist skin, permeable to gases and water
  • Reproduce by external fertilisation
  • Can breath through skin, also have lungs
  • Does not maintain a constant internal body temp.
  • E.g. frogs
34
Q

Explain the features of reptiles.

A
  • Covered in scales, reproduce by internal fertilisation and female lay eggs
  • Breath through lungs that have extensive folding (increases SA: Volume ration)
  • Do not maintain internal body temp. (ectothermic)
35
Q

Explain the features of birds.

A
  • Covered in feathers
  • Reproduce by internal fertilisation
  • Breath through lungs with tubes
  • Maintain a constant internal body temp.
36
Q

Explain the features of mammals.

A
  • Skin has follicles which produce hair made of keratin
  • Reproduce by internal fertilisation, young feed from mammary glands
  • Breath through lungs
  • Maintain constant internal body temp. (endothermic)

5. Evolution and Biodiversity (4 decks)

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