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Biology M4: Biodiversity, evolution and disease > Classification & evolution > Flashcards

Classification & evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 7 seven taxonomic groups

A

Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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2
Q

give 3 reasons scientists classify organisms

A
  • to identify species
  • the predict characteristics
  • the find evolutionary links
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3
Q

name the 3 domains

A

Archaea (fungi), prokaryote, eukarya (animals, plants)

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4
Q

Name the 5 kingdoms

A

Animalia, Plantae, Protoctists, Prokaryote, Fungi

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5
Q

How is a species defined?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

name the naming system for organisms

A

binomial nomenclature (Genus, species)

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7
Q

What are Archaebacteria?

A

they live in extreme environments such as; hot vents, anaerobic conditions and highly acidic conditions

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8
Q

Where is Eubacteria?

A

‘true bacteria’ - found in all environments

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9
Q

General features of Animalia

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
  • no chloroplasts
  • move with aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins
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10
Q

General features of Plantae

A
  • multicellular
  • a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles (including chloroplasts)
  • all contain chlorophyll
  • do not move, but gametes move using flagella or cilia
  • nutrients acquired by photosynthesis - AUTOTROPHIC FEEDERS
  • store starch
  • cell wall composed of cellulose
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11
Q

General features of Fungi

A
  • uni or multicellular
  • cell wall composed of chitin
  • no mechanisms of locomotion
  • body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae
  • nutrients acquired by absorption from decaying material - SAPROPHYTIC FEEDERS
  • store food as glycogen
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12
Q

General features of protocists

A
  • mainly unicellular
  • a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • some have chloroplasts
  • some are sessile, but some move my cilia or flagella
  • nutrients absorbed by photosynthesis, ingestion of other organisms, or both
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13
Q

General features of prokaryotes

A
  • Unicellular
  • no nucleus only a ring of naked DNA
  • smal ribosomes
  • no visible feeding mechanism - nutrients absorbed through cell wall
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14
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the evolutionary relationship between animals - the study of this is called phylogenetics

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15
Q

an advantage of phylogeny

A
  • produces a more continuous tree whereas classification requires discrete taxonomical groups - this means scientists do not have to put organisms into a specific group in which they do not quite fit
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16
Q

Name some evidence for evolution

A
  • palaeontology - study of fossils
  • comparative anatomy - study of similarities and differences between organism (e.g pentadactyl limbs)
  • comparative biochemistry - similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms
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17
Q

Problems with palaeontology

A
  • conditions for fossils to form are often not present
  • the fossil record is incomplete
  • many organisms are soft-bodied and decompose quickly
  • fossils are often damaged by the earth’s movements
18
Q

define Comparative anatomy - homologous structure

A

structure that appears scientifically different in different organisms but has the same underlying/basic structure (pentadactyl limb)

19
Q

define Divergent evolution

A

from a common ancestor, different species have evolved, each with a different set of adaptive features (why new species from from loss of habitat or migration to new habitats)

20
Q

define Comparative biochemistry

A

study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes (although they change overtime there are many that should remain unchanged due to lack of need for adaptation)

21
Q

What is variation?

A

the difference in characteristics between organisms

22
Q

what is Intraspecific variation

A

difference between organisms within a species

23
Q

Give examples of intraspecific variation

A

varying in height, build, eye and hair colour and intelligence

24
Q

what are the main causes of variation

A
  • organisms genetic material (differences lead to geneti variation)
  • the environment in which an organism lives - causes environmental variation
25
Q

give the genetic causes of variation

A
  • alleles (alternative forms of a genes)
  • mutations (changes to the DNA sequence and therefore the genes can lead to changes in the proteins that are coded for)
  • meiosis - independent assortment and crossing over during creation of gametes
  • sexual reproduction - the offspring of parents are different from the parents as they inherit alleles from both
  • chance - many different genes are produced from the same parental genome - it is by chance which two combine
26
Q

an example of environmental causes of variation

A
  • scars on a body can only be caused by the environment and cannot be inherited from parents
  • skin colour can vary dependant on spending a lot of time in the sun (skin colour at birth is purely genetic)
27
Q

why would the environment cause greater variation in plants than animals

A

plants cannot move to adapt to the environment and so must variate to survive (e.g a plant that gets covered by shade will adapt to need less sunlight that the one that is in the sun constantly - animals can move to adapt to their food/shelter needs)

28
Q

What is discontinuous variation and give an example

A

a characteristic that can only result in certain values e.g eye colour, hair colour
these are variations that are only a result of genetics

29
Q

What is continuous variation and give an example

A

a characteristic that can take any value within a range (there is a graduation of values)
these characteristics are said to be polygenic as they are determined by more than one gene and can also be influenced by environmental factors

30
Q

What is student’s t-test used for?

A

Used to compare the means of data values of two populations

31
Q

What is Spearman’s rank used for?

A

used to consider the relationship between two sets of data (if two sets of data are related they are said to be correlated)

32
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment

33
Q

Give types of adaptations

A
  • anatomical adaptations: physical features
  • behavioural adaptations: the way the organism acts (can be inherited or learnt from parents)
  • physiological adaptations: processed that take place inside an organism
34
Q

Give examples of anatomical adaptations

A
  • body covering: hair, scales, spines, feathers, shells (can help the organism (e.g wavy cuticle on a plant helps it conserve water)
  • camouflage: outer layer of an organism allows it to blend into its environment (e.g snowshoe hair is white to blend into snow)
  • teeth: shape and type of teeth are adapted to the food the organism eats (e.g carnivores have canines to kill prey)
  • mimicry: copying another animals appearance or sounds allow a harmless organism to fool predators into thinking it is dangerous (e.g hoverfly mimics the markings of a wasp)
35
Q

What is Marram grass and how is it adapted to its environment?

A

it is a xerophyte found on sand dunes around the UK - it has adapted to retain as much water as possible:

  • curled leaves so stomata face each other
  • hairs on inside surface of the leaves trap moist air close to the leaf
  • thick waxy cuticle on leaves and stems which reduces water loss
36
Q

Give examples of behavioural adaptations

A
  • survival behaviours: rabbit freezes when they think they have been seen
  • courtship: to attract a mate (scorpions perform a dance)
  • seasonal behaviours: allow organisms to cope with changes in their environment (migration, usually to a warmer area or more food. hibernation, period of inactivity where energy is conserved usually throughout winter)
37
Q

give examples of physiological adaptations

A
  • poison production: reptiles produce venom to kill their prey and plants produce poison to stop themselves being eaten
  • antibiotic production: some bacteria produce antibiotics to kill other types of bacteria in the area
  • water holding: allows organisms to survive for long periods without water
38
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

factors that affect the organism’s chances of survival or reproductive success

39
Q

How does natural selection occur?

A
  1. Organisms within a species show variation in their genes
  2. Those that have become better adapted to a selection pressure will have an increased chance of survival
  3. Successful organisms pass on the alleles coding for the advantageous characteristics
  4. Process is repeated for every generation
  5. over very long periods of time this process can lead to evolution
40
Q

Modern example of evolution: antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

Anti-biotic resistant bacteria (MRSA) has developed a resistance to many different antibiotics - a mutation arose in some of the bacteria providing resistance to methicillin.

41
Q

Modern example of evolution: peppered moths

A

Peppered moths - loss of lichen covering trees and increased pollution meant that trees became darker. Suddenly the darker moths were more suited to the environment than the pale ones and so this characteristic became more frequent.

42
Q

Flavobacterium - evolution

A

One of the few organisms that has evolved due to opportunities that have arisen in their environment - they live in waste water from factories that use nylon 6. Flavobacterium have developed to be able to digest nylon (with nylonases) and are therefore beneficial to humans as they clear up waste.

Biology M4: Biodiversity, evolution and disease (2 decks)

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