CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS Flashcards
Is the grouping and ordering of organisms according to
artificial, natural and phylogenetic relationship.
CLASSIFICATION
The science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and
names plants.
PLANT TAXONOMY
It involves relationships
between plants and their evolution, especially at the
higher levels
PLANT SYSTEMATICS
It deals with the
actual handling of plant specimens
PLANT TAXONOMY
The determination of the identity of an unknown plant by
comparison with previously collected specimens or with the aid of books or identification manuals.
PLANT IDENTIFICATION
The placing of known plants into groups or categories to
show some relationship
PLANT CLASSIFICATION
A formal description of a newly discovered species, usually in
the form of a scientific paper
PLANT DESCRIPTION
Based on the superficial characters which do not show or determine relationship
ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION
It group living organisms
together according to their sharing of one or few unifying
character. The characters are selected first, then the
plants are grouped based on the criteria selected.
ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Classification based on characters which show
morphological or structural
relationship
NATURAL CLASSIFICATION
Artificial classification based on type of nutrition
- AUTOTROPHIC PLANT
- HETEROTROPHIC PLANT
Plants that can manufacture their own food
AUTOTROPHIC PLANT
Plants that cannot manufacture their own food
HETEROTROPHIC PLANT
Example of heterotrophic plant
PITCHER PLANT
Classification based on water requirement
- MESOPHYTES
- XEROPHYTES
- HYDROPHYTES
- HALOPHYTES
Plants that can withstand very little amount of water
XEROPHYTES
Plants that require moderate supply of water
MESOPHYTES
Plants which requires water with high salt content
HALOPHYTES
Plant that required abundant supply of water
HYDROPHYTES
Example of a mesophyte plant
Daisy
Example of halophyte plant
SALT MARSH GRASS
Example of hydrophyte plant
WATER LILIES
Example of xerophyte plant
CACTUS
Classification based on habitat
- AQUATIC PLANT
- TERRESTRIAL PLANT
- AERIAL PLANT
Plants that lives in water
AQUATIC PLANT
Plants that lived attached to the plant
AERIAL PLANT
Plants that live on land
TERRESTRIAL PLANT
Classification based on body appearance
- TREES
- SHRUBS
- HERBS
- VINES
Woody plants with a relatively short main stem giving off many branches
SHRUBS
Plants with soft stem
HERBS
Woody plants with a single main stem and which is commonly 20 feet or more in height
TREES
Climbing or twinning plants with soft or hard stems
VINES
Classification based on life span
- ANNUALS
- BIENNIALS
- PERENNIALS
Plants grow for several to many years , producing a new crop of seed each year after the first few years
PERENNIALS
Plants grow for one season only which their seeds are produced and then they die
ANNUALS
Plants grow vegetatively during the first season and do not produce seeds until the second year, after which they die
BIENNIALS
Suffix of family
ACEAE
Suffix for order
ALES
Suffix for class
OPSIDA
Suffix for phylum/division
PHYTA
Also called as domain
SUPER KINGDOM
Archaea and bacteria is
PROKARYOTES
Eukarya is
EUKARYOTES
Also called as ancient bacteria
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Which kingdom is being asked?
– Prokaryotic
– Unicellular
– No nuclear membrane
– Without chloroplast
– With cell wall (non-cellusoic)
– Heterotrophic or chemoautotrophic
– Many are extremophiles
– Do not form spores
ARCHAEBACTERIA
What kingdom of life is being described?
– Eukaryotic
– Multicellular
– With nuclear membrane and membrane-
bound organelles
– Heterotrophic through ingestion
– Has no cell wall
ANIMALIA
Also called as true bacteria
EUBACTERIA
What kingdom of life is being asked?
– Prokaryotic
– Unicellular
– No nuclear membrane and membrane
bound organelles
– Without chloroplast
– With cell wall (peptidoglycan)
– Some produce spores
EUBACTERIA
What kingdom of life is being asked?
Eukaryotic
– Multicellular
– With nuclear membrane and mebrane-
bound organelles
– With chloroplast
– Autotrophic through photosynthesis
– With cell wall (cellulose)
PLANTAE
What kingdom of life is being asked?
Eukaryotic
– Mostly unicellular
– With nuclear membrane and membrane
bound organelles
– Some with chloroplast
– Some with cell wall (cellusoic or various
types)
– Autotrophic and heterotrophic by absorption
and phagocytosis
PROTISTA
Also called as myceteae
FUNGI
What kingdom of life is being asked?
- Eukaryotic
– Unicellular or multicellular
– With nuclear membrane and membrane-
bound organelles
– No chloroplast
– Heterotrophic through absorption
– With cell wall (chitin & cellulose)
FUNGI
These are plants without vascular or conducting tissues
NON-VASCULAR PLANT
These are the simplest form; body and thallus is not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves
THALLOPHYTES
– Contains chlorophyll and carry out
photosynthesis
– Many of them are motile and able to move around
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS
Division pyrrophyta is also called
GONIAULAX
Division euglenophyta is also called
TRACHELOMONAS
Division chrysophyta is also called
DIATOMS
Division rodophyta is also called
GALAXAURA
Division phaeophyta
PADINA
Division chlorophyta
CAULERPA
Who added protoctista on the kingdom concept in 1866?
- JOHN HOGG
- ERNST HAECKEL
When was fungi separated from others (Kingdom fungi) ?
1959
When was the intro of prokaryotes/eukaryotes?
1930’s
What are the kingdom proposed by Whittaker?
- ANIMALIA
- FUNGI
- PROTISTA
- MONERA
- PLANTAE
Who proposed animalia, plantae, fungi, monera, and protista kingdom?
WHITTAKER
When was the kingdom archaebacteria added on the kingdom concept?
1990
Found growing on damp organic materials like bread and ripe fruits
SUBDIVISION ZYGOMYCOTINA
Scientific name of black mold (under subdivision zygomycotina)
RHIZOPUS SPECIES
- Found in grassy places
- can make a poisoned bait for killing fireflies by crashing the cap in milk or sprinkling it in sugar
SUBDIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTINA
Scientific name of fly agaric mushroom (under subdivision basidiomycotina)
AMANITA MUSCARIA
- Responsible for the spoilage of fruits (especially citrus)
- Produces the flavoring in camembert cheese
SUBDIVISION ASCOMYCOTINA
Fungus-like protist: Eumycophta
TRUE FUNGI
Fungus-like protist: Deuteromycota
IMPERFECT FUNGI
- Lack sexual phase in reproduction
- The parasites that cause diseases on plants, animals, and human beings
DEUTEROMYCOTA
Causes a disease of the beard and moustache (white piedra)
TRICHOSPORON BEIGELI
Associated with dandruff
PITYSPORUM OVALE
Causes the human disease called meningitis
CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS
Associated with skin diseases
CANDIDA SPECIES
Slime fungi
MYXOMYCOTA
You can find the species all throughout the world
MYXOMYCOTA
Found on top of a of during summer; appears like moving, as there is a trail behind it
FULIGO SEPTIC
Found growing on a soft spongy wood
CERATIOMYXA FRUTICULOSA
Substances such as water and dissolved minerals are simply move and diffuse from cell to cell. They are commonly small plants and those with longer stems are infrequently longer than eight centimeters
BRYOPHYTA
Importance of bryophyta
- Serve as ornamental plants in rock garden and stone walls.
- Helps to slow erosion
- Aids in water retention in soil.
- Converts to fuel (Peat moss is dried and burned. It is rich in
carbon).
A whisk fern has water and food-conducting tissues but lacks true leaves and roots. The whisk ferns can grow in most climates. It thrives in areas that have moist soil. The fern will also need to be kept away from direct, bright sunlight
DIVISION PSILOTOPHYTA
Fern, any of several non-flowering vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and complex leaves and that reproduce by spore
DIVISION PTERIDOPHYTA
The club mosses are small, creeping, terrestrial or epiphytic, vascular plants, which lack flowers and reproduce sexually by spores. Club mosses are vascular plants with erect stems that bear spores in club-shaped, cone-like structures
DIVISION LYCOPODIOPHYTA
Horsetails are generally small “strange” looking plants. They grow from perennial creeping rhizomes, from which grow a single hollow, jointed stem, with bristlelike branches growing from the joints
DIVISION EQUISETOPHYTA
Importance of seedless vascular plants
- Produces broom.
- Serves as scrub kitchen utensils.
- Becomes an ornamental plant
- Seed bearing plants which do not produce flowers.
- are a group of plants which produce seeds that are not contained within an ovary or fruit.
- gymnosperms are a group of plants which produce seeds that are not contained within an ovary or fruit
GYMNOSPERMAE
Gymnosperm came from the greek words
GYMNOS “NAKED”, SPERMA “SEED”
Are animal-like and are classified by how they move. They are also heterotrophs and a single-celled organisms
PROTOZOANS
Is fungus-like and decompose organic material. They get their nutrition from dead organisms. It is both single-celled and multi-celled organisms. They are heterotrophs
MOLD
Are plant-like and are classified by their color. They are also autotrophs and both single-celled and multi-cell organism
ALGAE
- They store food as starch, fats and oil.
- Some are photosynthetic; others are heterotrophic.
- They produce a powerful poison that causes “red tide”.
- Toxin produces (Gymnodinium) interferes with the sodium
exchange mechanisms that cause a depolarization of nerve and
muscle membranes. - Pyrrophyta - Flame colored.
- Sometimes termed as “dinoflagellate” because of Forward
spiraling swimming motion. - Population explosion of dinoflagellates causes the water to
turn to reddish brown color known as “red tide”. Certain species
produces neurotoxins.
DIVISION PYRROPHYTA
- They store food which is called paramylum.
- They undergo photosynthesis but if sunlight is not available,
they can live as heterotrophs, absorbing nutrients of decaying
organic matter. - Can cause filter clogging.
- Indicates pollution and eutrophication in fresh water, ponds
and lakes. - Good indicator on the presence of iron in industrial waste
(lorica). - Contains flagellum which helps them to swim. They can often
be found in swimming pools around the world that are not
regularly cleaned.
DIVISION EUGLENOPHYTA
the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life usually resulting in the depletion of
dissolved oxygen
EUTROPHICATION
hard protective case secreted by certain protists.
LORICA
- Stored food is chrysolaminarin, fats and oil.
- Predominant pigments are carotenes and xanthophylls.
- Manufactured into polish for silverwares, metals and
automobile. - Serve as primary food supply of the sea or “Grass of the Sea”.
- Diatoms don’t have the appropriate enzymes to form starch.
In place of starch, diatoms forms oils and chrysolaminarin
DIVISION CHRYSOPHYTA
- Resembles fungi but their cellular structure is more like
protists. - Absorbs nutrients from dead or decaying matter.
- Lack chitin on their cell walls.
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST
- Contains chlorophyll a & b.
- Stored food is in the form of starch.
- Serve as human food.
- Good source of vitamin E.
- The green algae. Glucosamine is the main component of cell
wall. They usually form symbiotic relationships with fungi
producing lichens.
DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA
- Stored food is called mannitol and laminarin.
- Contains chlorophyll a & c.
- Possess a brown accessory pigment called fucoxanthin.
- Direct food source
- Important in the cosmetics industry (algin).
- The brown algae.
- Phaeophyta are the most complex forms of algae. The cell
walls are composed of cellulose and alginic acid (a complex
polysaccharide). Unlike green algae or Chlorophyta, they lack
true starch. The food reserves contain sugar, higher alcohol and
other complex forms of polysaccharides.
DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA
- Contains floridean starch, as stored food.
- Contains chlorophyll and phycobilins, a reddish accessory pigment.
- Produces agar
- Prevents disintegration of canned fish and meat while cooking.
- Stabilizes sherbets, mayonnaise, icing and candies.
- Phycobilin reflect red light and;
- The major carbohydrate storage product of red algae is a type of starch molecule (Floridean starch) that is more highly branched than amylopectin. Floridean starch is stored as grains outside the chloroplast absorb blue light.
DIVISION RODOPHYTA
The gymnosperms consist of the conifers, the cycads, the gnetophytes and the sole extant species of the Gynkgophyta division, the Gingko biloba. True or false
TRUE
- Typical pine trees, seeds in cones. Conifers
- Conifers, are the most numerous of the gymnosperms; woody and with vascular tissue, these are cone bearing trees and shrubs.
- Conifers can be found growing in all parts of the world,
although they most notably dominate the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere. Many are adapted to cold climatic conditions, with downward facing branches, which help to shed snow, and specific biochemical properties that provide resistance to freezing. - Examples of conifers include pines, yews, redwoods, spruces, firs and cedars.
- The conifer forests of the world cover huge areas of land and provide the largest terrestrial carbon sink. Conifers are also valued economically; their softwood is used for the production of paper and timber, they are used to cultivate pine nuts, and the berries of the juniper bush are used to flavor gin
DIVISION PINOPHYTA OR CONIFEROPHYTA
- Tough, palm like evergreen leaves. Large crown of compound leaves, straight rough trunk. During the Jurassic period, they are
relatively common. Cycads - Cycads: the appearance of the cycads typically constitutes a single, stout, cylindrical, woody trunk and a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen compound leaves, which grow directly from the trunk in a rosette formation.
- The cycads are dioecious, meaning that each individual plant iseither all male or all female.
- The cycads are partly xerophyte, which means they are
adapted to survive in areas with very little liquid water, although their distribution largely centers around the subtropical Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, as well as tropical regions such as Central and South America, China and
South East Asia, India and Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Tropical
and Southern Africa. - The cycads were much more numerous in the past than today,
peaking in ‘the age of the cycads’ the Jurassic period. There
are only three extant families within the cycads today: the
Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae and Zamiaceae.
DIVISION CYCADOPHYTA
- Decussate leaves, resembles dicot because of double
fertilization. Gynetophytes - Are distinguishable within the gymnosperms because they
have vessel elements, a system of channels mostly found in the
angiosperms, which transport water within the plant. - Covering 70 species over three genera, the gnetophyta are
morphologicallyvariable, including trees, shrubs, stumps, vines
and creepers with leaf shapes ranging from opposite, to
whorled, scale-like and straplike. - The distribution is determined by the genus: Welwitschia are
unique to the Namib Desert and surrounding areas in South
West Africa; Gnetum are found in tropical forests; and Ephedra
are found mostly in arid or desert areas of South West America,
North Africa, Southern Europe and Central Asia
DIVISION GNETOPHYTA
- Ginkgo biloba. Trivia National tree of China - maiden hair tree
- Ginkgo: The closest relatives to the cycads, Gingko is a genus
of gymnosperm of which Gingko biloba is the sole extant
species. - Gingkos are large, slender, shade-intolerant trees, growing up
to 160ft with distinctive fan-shaped leaves. They are deep
rooted and resistant to damage from wind and snow. They are
also resistant to disease and insect damage, owing to an
exceptionally large genome, which enables antibacterial and
chemical defense mechanisms. - Gingko first appears within the fossil record in the Permian
period, 270 million years ago, and the Gingko biloba remains
largely unchanged today, earning it a classification as a ‘living
fossil’.
DIVISION GINGKOPHYTA
Importance of gymnospermae
- Serves as food for the dinosaurs during the Mesozoic era
(especially its young leaves). - Becomes ornamental and used as vegetable gum, and serves
as main source of logs and lumber. (Timber- woos suitable for
carpentry, hard type of wood) - Posts importance like the importance given by timber trees.
- Becomes materials for sounding boards of musical instruments.
- seed bearing plants which produce flowers
- whose seeds develop within a surrounding layer of plant tissue, called the carpel, with seeds attached around the margin
ANGIOSPERMAE
Angiosperm came from the greek words
ANGEION “VESSE”, SPERMA “SEED”
Monocotyledonous plants
DIVISION LILIOPHYTA
Dicotyledonous plants
DIVISION MAGNOLIOPHYTA
Most commonly used angiosperms
- FAMILY LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAM)
- FAMILY LAMIACEAE (MINT FAM)
- FAMILY APIACEAE (CARROT FAMILY)
- FAMILY CACTACEAE (CACTUS FAMILY)
- FAMILY CUCURBITACEAE (PUMPKIN FAM)
- FAMILY EUPHORBICAEAE (SPURGE FAM)
- FAMILY PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAM)
- FAMILY SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAM)
Some of them possesses toxic compounds except for the parts that are edible
FAMILY SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAM)
