Classification and Evolution Flashcards
its really stuff for the vets, but must know ALL the details here :D
Why do we nee to classify animals?
- Help us identify physical/ansestry relationships between animals
- Easier to identify different organisms
What is Carl Wosoe’s / Linneus’ current system today
- Do Kids Playing Catch On Freeway Get Squashed
- Domains consists of Eubacteria - Archea - Eukarya
WHERE Eubacteria = Everyday regular bacteria, Archea = Extremophiles, Eukarya = AnimaliaPlantae Protoctista, Fungi
How to Binomial Name something?
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Genus species
BEWARE OF CAPITAL CASES vs LOWERCASE! - Carl Linneus proposed this system of naming in LATIN!
Define Taxonomic Group!
- It represents a certain level or rank in a classification where organisms are grouped based on their characteristic similarities
How is Binomial Naming Beneficial?
- Due to it being UNIVERSALLY RECOGNISED SYSTEM , used in all languages, dialects, different naming within a nation
- Will avoid potential confusion!
Define species
This is a group of organisms of very similar characteristics that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring!
How can we discriminate organisms in the Prokarya kingdom
- Contains circular, naked DNA loop with NO HISTONE PROTIENS
- No membrane bound organelles
- 70s ribossomes and smaller cells (general)
How can we discriminate organisms in the Protist kingdom?
- Both autotrophic and heterotrophic
- both animal + plant like features
- Do not qualify under any other kingdom…
How can we discriminate organisms in the Fungi kingdom?
- All eukaryotic, and some single celled
- Saprophytic organisms (secrete digestive enzymes to decay matter, and absorbs digested nutrients)
- Chitin cell wall
How can we discriminate organisms in the Plantae and Animalia kingdom?
- P = Chloroplasts, autotrophs, cellulose cell wall
- A = Heterotrophs, mobile organisms
- BOTH = Multicellular, eukaryotic!
Define Taxonomy
Branch of science under classification of organisms
Define Taxon and Classification
- T = No overlapping between groups in system, ranked via a hierarchy!
- C = arrangement of organisms in taxonomic groups according to observed similarities
Define Homology and Phylogeny!
H: The grouping of organisms based on physical characteristics they shared!
P: describes the evolutionary history of organisms
What is Convergent Evolution?
Where different organisms species independantly evolve similar traits, due to living under similar environmental conditions
Example of Homologous features in organisms?
- DA PENTADACTYL LIMBSSSSS (da 5-fingered bone structure)
- Shared characteristic with many different organisms species!
- Provides evidence for a shared common ancestor = and for evolution!
How can we use Biological Molecules of protiens to identify evolutionary relations within species?
- using Cytochome C!
- Protien molecule used in respiration, present in ALL LIVING ORGANISMS!
- Analysis of amino acid sequencing protien can show how distantly related a species is! (more differences = more distantly related = evolved separetly for a longer time)
How can we use Biological Molecules of genetics to identify evolutionary relations within species?
- using DNA!
- contains instructions for translation +transcription, coding for specific sequence of amino acids
- analysis of base sequencing can show how distantly related a species is! (more differences = more distantly related = evolved separetly for a longer time)
Why is DNA analysis more accurate than Cytochrome C analysis for determining evolutionary relations?
- Due to DNA code being DEGENERATE, meaning that a different base sequence can still code for the same amino acid sequence
- May show 2 species more related to one another than actual relation (inaccuracies)
How did Carl Woese introduce the 3 domain system (and name them!)
- Following analysis of ribosomal RNA gene, he had determined that Archea were very different to Bacteria
- Differences included mechanism of DNA replication + Composition of cell walls + Membrane lipids
Archea and Eukarya more related than Bacteria to Archea!
Archea, Bacteria and Eukarya!!1
Define Artificial Classification!
- the ordering of living organisms into groups that are NOT BASED on evolutionary relationships!
- Physical, observable charateristics like colour, sizes, heights…
- NOT AFFECTED by new knowledges (more stable)
Define Natural Classification!
- ordering of organisms BASED ON evolutionary relationships!
- uses MANY DIFFERETNT characteristics, and more usefull (Gene analysis/evolutionary relations)
- VERY MUCH AFFECTED by new knowledges (quite unstable)
Define common ancestor!
- an ancestor shared by multiple different groups of organisms.
- More than 1 modern-day species cam from common ancestor!
What is a Monophyletic Group?
- Group of species containing the most recent ancestors of all members and decendants
What else can we say about common ancestors?
THEY DO NOT CURRENTLY EXIST AND SURVIVE TODAY!
We can only say that species had evolved from this non-living species, lived at some time in the past
How can we use Evolution to our advantages?
- We can inference most recent ancestor and relatoinships to aid in Drug Testing
Comparisons about C.Darwin and A.R.Wallace?!
- D = Scientific observation made about differences within species
- W = Published reseach paper at same time as Darwin, finding having similar results, with eachother!
What 4 observations were made by Darwin, supporting TofE
- Offspring with similar appearance with parents = inheritance of characteristics to offspring
- 2 individuals never the same = genetic variations caused by muations
- Organisms able to produce larger number of offspring = competition created over resources and space. Better adapted = survives
- Populations in nature remains stable size = not well adapted = not able to survive!
Define Natural Selection,
- = features of environment applying selective pressures on reproductions of individuals, in population
Explain the 2 evidences for Natural Selection!
- Fossil Record: Shows that environments has changed drastically
- Carbon Dating used to compare ages of fossils
- Shows similarities/differences with modern day species + extinct!
- Molecular Analysis: CytoC and DNA amino/base sequencing can be analysed
- More similar sequence = more recent common ancestor
- More recent ancestor = more related the species
Define Null Hypothesis
- Stating no significant difference between the data!
- Any possible significance will be due to CHANCE!
Define Standrd Deviation!
- measuring the spread of data variation around the mean value
- BETTER THAN RANGE, due to using all data, NOT AFFECTED BBY OUTLIERS!
High vs Low Standard Deviation…
- Low = more precise, little spread around mean
- High = less precise, greater spread around mean…
what is a Normal Distribution?
- Where a bell-shaped curve can be drawn on a graph
- Typically, 95% of data will remain within 2 SD above and below the mean
Overlapp vs NonOverlapp in SD bars on Bar Chart
- OVER = diffferences in mean likey due to chance, INSIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE in mean
- NON = Suggesting real, possible reason of SIGNIFICANT DIFERENCE!
Define T-Test…
- Used to measure significant difference between 2 DIFFERENT MEANS of data!
Findin significant differences with T Test…?
- Compare T value to Crtical Value of corresponding Degree of F
- use CALGRNS or CALANI after CV and T value comparing….
Degree of Freedom = Sample Size - Number of data sets…
What is Spearman’s Rank Correlation test?
- Used to measure significant difference between 2 sets of data correlating with eaach other!
- Again, carry out CALGRNS or CALANI for comparing coefficient to CV according to Degree of F!
