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module 4 biology > classification and evolution > Flashcards

classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of taxonomy?

A

study of principles behind classification by naming organisms and organising them into groups based on their characteristics and differences

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2
Q

give an example of a phylum trait

A

possession of backbone (organisms with the same body plan)

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3
Q

why is the binomial naming system effective?

A

language is universal so everyone can understand it

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4
Q

name the 5 kingdoms

A

protoctist, plantae, prokaryotae, fungi, animalia

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5
Q

features of prokaryotae

A

-unicellular
- no nucleus in membrane
-no membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

the study of how closely related different species are and their evolutionary relationships e.g. humans and chimps

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7
Q

what does phylogeny take into account in closely related species?

A

appearance
anatomy
physiology

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8
Q

what is cladistics

A

method of hypothesising relationships among organisms

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9
Q

selection pressure?

A

an evolutionary force that may cause a particular phenotype to be better suited to a certain environment

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10
Q

what do fossils show in regards to evidence for natural selection?

A

they show anatomical features that help us understand relationships and age of species

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11
Q

what are the issues with fossils?

A
  • not a complete record
  • conditions needed for fossilisation not always present
  • soft body organisms decompose quickly
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12
Q

what is meant by continuous variation? and give an example

A

two extremes and a full range of intermediate values e.g. height

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13
Q

what is meant by discontinuous variation? and give an examples

A

regulated by one gene and not influences by environment e.g. eye colour, sex

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14
Q

what is Cytochrome.C?

A

mutations in DNA sequence that all organisms have which comes from a common ancestor

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15
Q

what is meant by adaptation?

A

a characteristic that enhances survival in a habitat

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16
Q

give examples of adaptation applicable to an environment (practical)

A
  • reproducing
  • finding water/food
  • defence against predators
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17
Q

state the 3 components of adaptation

A
  • behavioural
    -anatomical
    -physiological
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18
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

when two organisms have very similar adaptations but are classified in different taxonomic groups which can happen when they evolve in similar environments e.g. spiders and insects

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19
Q

give examples of how the two different species of mole (marsupial and placental) have evolved to have similar adaptations

A
  • short tail
  • tough nose (protection)
  • large claws
  • small blind eyes
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20
Q

what is speciation

A

formation of a new species from a pre existing species - they can no longer interbreed

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21
Q

how has pesticide resistance increased?

A

strong selection pressure occurs and those with mutations for resistance multiply

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22
Q

why is pesticide resistance a problem?

A

becomes more difficult to kill pests on crops decreasing yield, so more pesticide has to be used cause bioaccumulation
- pest is a disease, vector = mosquitos can transfer
- making a new pesticide can be costly

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23
Q

why do we classify?

A

-for convenience
-easier to identify organisms
-see relationships between species

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24
Q

at which taxon level do we need to greatest amount of information to classify?

A

species

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25
Q

what is the pneumonic to remember the 8 taxonomic groups

A

delicious king prawn curry or fat greasy sausages

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26
Q

what are the rules associated with the binomial naming system?

A
  • genus first, then species
  • must be written in italics
  • genus must start with capital letter
  • species must always be lowercase
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27
Q

unicellular
no nucleus
no membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryote

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28
Q

eukaryotic
photosynthetic
cellulose cell wall

A

plantea

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29
Q

eukaryotic
non photosynthetic
no cellulose cell wall

A

fungi

30
Q

definition of species

A

a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

31
Q

what is the phylogenetic explanation of a species

A

set of individuals which have the same evolutionary lineage - similarities in anatomy, physiology, genetics etc.

32
Q

why aren’t viruses in a kingdom?

A

viruses are non-living nor dead so they form their own group.

33
Q

if sequences of cytochrome C are the same, the two species must be…

A

closely related

34
Q

if sequences of cytochrome C are different, the two species must be…

A

not closely related

35
Q

the more differences found between the sequences…

A

the common ancestor is further back in time

36
Q

how can we use DNA to classify?

A

use PCR and electrophoresis to separate DNA based on size (synoptic link to module 6 manipulating genomes)

37
Q

what are the key differences between archaea and bacteria that suggest they should be classified as two different domains?

A
  • different enzymes
  • different mechanisms for DNA replication
  • differing cell membrane
38
Q

describe 3 differences between domain and kingdom

A
  1. domain is one of the three taxonomic categories of living organisms, whereas kingdom is one of the 5 major groups of living organisms.
  2. domain consists of archae, bacteria, and eukarya but kingdom consists of animalia, plantea, protoctista, and prokaryotae
  3. prokaryotes are split into different domains whereas in kingdoms prokaryotes are classified under the same kingdom.
39
Q

monophyletic

A

group of organisms descended from a common ancestor not shared with any other group.

40
Q

evolutionary distance

A

number of nucleotide substitutions per site between two DNA sequences

41
Q

what is meant by variation?

A

the presence of differences between individuals

42
Q

interspecific variation

A

variation between species

43
Q

what is discontinuous variation

A

regulated by one gene and not influenced by the environment

44
Q

explain why it’s harder to identify interspecific variation between closely related species?

A
  • fewer mutations means more similarities
  • less time has past
45
Q

explain why skin is a continuously variable feature

A
  • depends on temperature which can vary depending on what country you live in.
  • exposure/lack of exposure to sun
  • hotter countries have tanner skin
46
Q

how to work out frequency density

A

frequency/class width

47
Q

in a graph, the longer the error bar…

A

the higher the standard deviation and the more spread out the results were from the mean.

48
Q

what is adaptation

A

characteristic that enhances survival in a habitat

49
Q

give examples of adaptation

A

reproducing, finding water, defence against predators and disease

50
Q

behavioural adaptations of marram grass

A
  • rolls leaves tightly
  • closes its stomata
51
Q

in hot temps, the hinge cells loose water - this loss of water causes the leaf…

A

to curl more tightly
+ stomata lose water so become flaccid and close

52
Q

marram grass cells maintain a low…

A

water potential than other plants so increases their tolerance to water

53
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

when two organisms show very similar adaptations but are classified in different taxonomic groups.

54
Q

explain why placental and marsupial moles are examples of convergent evolution?

A

marsupial moles and placental moles are different species and occupy different areas - however they have evolved similar adaptations:
- short fur
- large claws
- small blind eyes
- tough nose (protection)j

55
Q

selection pressure

A

an evolutionary force that may cause a particular phenotype to be more translated in a certain environmental condition.

56
Q

explain the steps of natural selection (write 7 steps on whiteboard)

A
  1. genetic variation within a species caused by mutation.
  2. individuals of a species show variation in their phenotypes (infraspecific variation).
  3. selection pressure creates struggle for survival.
  4. those better adapted survive (state how) and have a selective advantage.
  5. more likely to survive and reproduce.
  6. pass on advantageous gene to offspring.
  7. passed down multiple generations till feature is common in a population.
57
Q

predation is a biotic adaptation, give 2 examples of this

A
  • camouflage
  • thorns
58
Q

how has pesticide resistance become a problem for the human population?

A
  1. becomes difficult to kill pests on crops = lowering yield.
  2. need to add more pesticides = bioaccumulation.
  3. disease transmission if pest is a disease, vector => mosquitos
  4. new pesticide needs to be generated = costly
59
Q

how does antibiotic resistance arise?

A

random mutation causes bacteria to become resistant to certain antibiotics which creates selection pressures - allowing bacteria to survive + reproduce causing further infection.

60
Q

what are the issues with using fossils?

A
  • not complete record
  • conditions needed for fossilisations are not always present
  • organisms soft bodied decompose quickly
  • many fossils destroyed or lie undiscovered.
61
Q

why are domains better than kingdoms?

A
  • fits better with phylogeny
  • differences between prokaryote and eukaryotes
62
Q

what is the difference between eukaryae, bacteria and archaea in terms of ribosomes

A

eukaryae = 80s
prokaryotae = 70s
archae = 70s

63
Q

what is the difference between eukaryae, bacteria and archaea in terms of RNA polymerase

A

eukaryae = 12 proteins
prokaryotae = 8-10 proteins
archae = 5 proteins

64
Q

in the new classification system, what are the 6 new kingdoms?

A

eubacteria, archaebacteria, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

65
Q

what is the difference between the habitats of archaebacteria and eubacteria?

A

archabacteria (ancient bacteria) live in extreme conditions e.g. anaerobic

eubacteria are found in all environments

66
Q

what are the 3 main sources of evidence for evolution

A

biochemistry, anatomy, palaeontology

67
Q

what is palaeontology?

A

study of fossils - tellings us of the earths past.

68
Q

what are homologous structures

A

differences in different organisms, but same underlying structures

69
Q

what do homologous structures provide evidence for?

A

divergent evolution

70
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

two species which have diverged but share the same common ancestor

71
Q

what are causes of genetic variation? x5

A
  1. alleles
  2. mutations
  3. meiosis
  4. sexual reproduction
  5. chance

module 4 biology (10 decks)

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