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Component 2 Biology > Classification and Biodiversity > Flashcards

Classification and Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The organisation of living organisms according to their shared similarities.

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The study of the principles genuine classification.

This is dynamic

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3
Q

What is heriachy?

A

A large group of items are split into smaller and smaller groups.

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4
Q

What is phylogenetic?

A

The organisms are grouped to reflect evolutionary relatedness.

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5
Q

Why do we classify?

A

To make the study of living organisms more manageable.
To support the ideas of evolution.
To allow scientist to communicate with each other.

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6
Q

What is phylogenetic hierarchy?

A

It’s the modern classification system in which they are classified based on their phylogeny evolutionary relatedness of organisms) each node represents the most common ancestor of the descendants.

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7
Q

Give me the phylogenetic hierarchy?

A 
Kingdom                LARGEST
phylum 
class 
order 
family 
genus 
species                   SMALLEST
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8
Q

What happens as you go down the hierarchy?

A

The organisms have a closer relation they share a few common features with the same kingdom but many similarities in the same genus.

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9
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring

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10
Q

When writing Latin names of a species what has to happen?

A

The genius name is always capitalised and the species name is always lowercase.

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11
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Animalia, fungi, Plantae, Protoctista, Prokaryotae.

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12
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria (true bacteria)
Archaea (extremophile prokaryotes)
Eukaryota (all eukaryotic organisms).

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13
Q

What does the organisms of each domain share?

A

A distinct unique pattern of ribosomal RNA which establishes that close evolutionary relationship

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14
Q

What is the problems with the classification system?

A

It places divisions on evolutionary trends which are continuous.
It has to be a compromise between accurate representation of evolutionary trends/relatedness and what is convenient (grouping ‘similar’ organisms together).
New discoveries may require new groups to be set up.

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15
Q

What features are used to group organisms?

A

Similar morphology - structure of organism
biochemical methods - molecules within structure i.e DNA, protein sequence, RNA structure and cell wall biochemistry.
fossil records - gives time scale

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16
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Evolved from the same original structure for different functions e.g pentadactyl limb in vertebrates. They suggest shared ancestry and divergent evolution.

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17
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Same function but evolved from a different origin, so have separate evolution structures. They have similar external forms, but different internal structure and development.

No evolutionary relationship i.e wings on birds and insects. Indicates convergent evolution.

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18
Q

How is biochemical method used when classifying organisms?

A

Certain molecules are compared with different species to see how similar/dissimilar the structures are. These methods can help minimise classification mistakes due to convergent evolution.

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19
Q

How is DNA hybridisation used to determine evolutionary relatedness?

A

Single DNA strands from two different species are joined together to form hybrid double helices.
The resulting hybrid DNA is heated and the temperature is recorded for which it becomes a single strand. The temperature relates to a number of hydrogen bonds form between complementary base pairs.

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20
Q

What is the degree of hybridisation proportional to?

A

Degree of similarity between the DNA molecules of two species.

21
Q

What does the temperature recorded indicate?

A

If the species are closely related then the temperature of separation would be close to 86 due to sharing my base pairs.If they aren’t closely related they won’t show many common DNA sequences so have fewer complementary base pairs and a temperature of separation would be less than 86.

22
Q

What other sequence can be used to identify related organisms?

A

The protein cytochrome for respiration. Closely related organisms will have similar amino acid sequences in the protein.

23
Q

What does biochemical method to help reduce?

A

Mistakes made in classification due to convergent evolution.

24
Q

How does genetic fingerprinting and enzyme studies help show relatedness?

A

It doesn’t rely on morphological convergences. It measures the proportion of DNA of proteins share between species to estimate relatedness, DNA fragments of proteins are usually displayed is bands on electrophoresis gel.

25
Q

What immunological technique can be used?

A

Inject a rabbit with human protein – the rabbit will make antibodies which bind specifically to human protein. The antibodies would have a binding site-specific and complimentary to human protein. Take the rabbits blood and purify the antibodies. Mix the antibodies and human protein in a test tube – antibody protein complex. Binding of the antibody two proteins will produce precipitate. The same protein from other species will have different amino acid sequences so different tertiary structures so won’t be able to bind as well causing less precipitate to form.

26
Q

What is the amount of precipitate proportional to?

A

The degree of similarity process between protein molecules of two species.

27
Q

With species which have a close relation what would happen with the amount of precipitate?

A

They would have similar amino acid sequences therefore a similar tertiary structure causing more precipitate to form as antibodies combined to the protein.

28
Q

How can a fossil record help classify species

A

Fossils within layers indicates that succession has occurred for a long period of time. As new layers cover old layers creating a record over time.

29
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The number of species and the number of individuals of a species in a given environment.

30
Q

What is biodiversity affected by?

A

Many genetic environmental and human factors.

31
Q

What are the three main reasons for biodiversity varying?

A

Succession – observed process of change in species structure of an ecological community over time.
Natural selection.
Human influence.

32
Q

What is meant by the term adapted?

A

When an organism is specialised to suit the environment they live in

33
Q

Why do organisms adapt?

A

So they are uniquely able to exploit their own niche and ensure that a niche is different to others to avoid competition.

34
Q

What is behavioural adaptations?

A

Actions by which the organism carries out to help them survive or reproduce.

35
Q

What are physiological adaptions?

A

Internal workings within the organism which helped to survive or reproduce i.e. birds and fishes at able to drink salt water.

36
Q

What are anatomical adaptions?

A

structures observed when dissected

37
Q

What does low-level biodiversity indicate?

A

Dominance by a few species.
A change in one species is likely to affect the whole habitat.
Community is unstable so could be unable to withstand change.

38
Q

How is biodiversity measured?

A
  1. Use a random number generator and select to coordinate.
  2. Count the number in that square and calculate an estimated total.
  3. Use a second coordinate to select a quadrat count the number and use the mean for the two squares to calculate an estimate for the grassland.
  4. Repeat until 10 squares are sampled.
  5. Plot on a graph (number of quadratic against number of species)
39
Q

What is the range of the Simpsons index for biodiversity?

A

0 < x < 1

40
Q

What precautions should be made when measuring biodiversity?

A 
Random sampling 
reliable number of quadrat sampled 
standardisation of technique 
identification of species 
seasonal differences 
species larger than quadrats.
41
Q

What does polymorphism describe?

A

The presence of several different forms what type of individuals among members of a single species. Polymorphism results from multiple alleles for the same gene

42
Q

What are the three ways in which genetic diversity can be identified?

A

Number of alleles, proportion of alleles at one locus, and genetic fingerprinting.

43
Q

How does the number of alleles result in polymorphic genes?

A

The occurrence of more than one phenotype in a population that can’t be accounted for by mutation alone results from the presence of polymorphic genes.

44
Q

Help what does the number of alleles at one locus indicate ?

A

The proportion of the population of that particular allele

45
Q

Describe DNA fingerprinting within genetic diversity?

A

The greater the variation of a sequence the greater the genetic diversity of the species. Including sequences undergo mutation so individuals acquire different base sequences such as SNP is an STR.

Differences can be seen in DNA fingerprint comparing the number and position of the bands in the population indicates how similar or different the base sequences are.

46
Q

What does SNP stand for?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism - one different base

47
Q

What does STR stand for?

A

Short tandem repeats (20-40 sequences long found within introns)

48
Q

What evolution has generated biodiversity?

A

Natural selection.

Component 2 Biology (9 decks)

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