Classification Flashcards
Wh gets schiz.?
1% of population
symptoms from 15 to 45 years old
men more likely to suffer with earlier onset
What symptoms are associated with schizophrenia?
+ positive symptoms are in addition to normal experiences
- negative symptoms taking away of normal experiences and abilities
Where do we find the symptoms to diagnose schizophrenia?
DSM 5 or ICD
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations - additional sensory experiences seeing distortions objects look like faces or hearing voices and other auditory hallucinations
Delusions -irrational beliefs about themselves - feelings of persecution or delusions of grandeur.
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Avolition - lack of purposeful willed behaviour, low energy, social affection, generally apathetic, loss of personal hygiene.
Speech poverty - have loss of quality and quantity of verbal responses, brief communication style can be classified as positive speech is excessively disorganise.
Define reliability?
How consistent results are using same measuring tools if we measure again will we get the same result
Define validity
About the truth of the findings with the measurements made correctly when referring to something in the real world in schizophrenia does the person really have the disorder when diagnosed and does schizophrenia have clear and unique symptoms. Accuracy of the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be questioned in individual cases and there is a question as to if schizophrenia is actually a unique syndrome meaning it has its own characteristic symptoms and causes.
Why is inter-rater reliability important in schizophrenia? Why is test-retest reliability also important?
Do two doctors agree on a diagnosis of schizophrenia?
Would the doctor give the same diagnosis over a period of time?
What did Beck (1963) find about the diagnosis of schizophrenia inter-rater reliability ?
Review of 153 patients diagnosed by multiple doctors found only a 54% concordance rate between the doctors assessments . This suggests low interrater reliability. Also suggests misdiagnosis leading to inappropriate treatment.
Define ‘comorbidity’.
Schizophrenia is often diagnosed with other disorders could lead to inaccurate diagnosis often mistaken with severe case of depression or as diagnosis often occur together but not separately diagnosed
What did Buckley (2009) find about schizophrenia and comorbidity?
Comorbidity rates with schizophrenia as depression 50%, drug abuse 47%, PTSD 29%, OCD 23%. This creates complicated treatment plans but suggests original schizophrenic diagnosis could be in error
Define symptom overlap.
Bipolar disorder also has hallucination and delusion as symptom. If two disorders are similar it may be they are not distinct and should be redefined.
What kind of gender bias occurs in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
Over a lifetime men and women are equally likely to be diagnosed however it meant average age of diagnosis 25, five years sooner than women. Men more likely to have drug abuse as comorbidity, worse social functioning in suffer more negative symptoms. Women more likely display positive symptoms
Women more likely to have schizophrenic experience taken less seriously and goes more underdiagnosed compared to men. Cotton suggests this is due to women’s better social coping strategies making women less likely to seek treatment.
What kind of cultural bias occurs in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
People with Afro Caribbean heritage in the UK and African Americans are up to 9 times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia compared to 1% of the general population fear on 2005
schizophrenia rates are also 1% in countries of origin the rise in diagnosis rates is likely due to cultural bias. Fernando (1998) suggests category failure western definitions of mental illness are applied to non western cultures. Example – hearing voices of Angels will be defined as auditory hallucination in the UK but religious experience in West Indies.
What did Loring and Powell (1988) find about the diagnosis in reference to culture and gender bias?
Sent 290 psychiatrists two identical case studies, gender and race of case studies were changed to white male, black male, white female or black female or no gender or race disclosed. Researchers found over diagnosis of black case studies and under diagnosis of female case studies. Most accurate diagnosis was when the gender and race of a psychiatrist was the same as the case study. Suggests existence of gender and culture bias in psychiatrist’s diagnosis of schizophrenia.
