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AP Biology > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxa

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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2
Q

The Five Kingdoms

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia (sometimes Archaebacteria)

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3
Q

Three-Domain System

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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4
Q

Bacteria Domain Comparison

A

No membrane enclosed organelles; Peptidoglycan in the cell wall; One type of RNA polymerase; Introns are absent; Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin ad chloramphenicol inhibited

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5
Q

Archaea Domain Comparison

A

No membrane enclosed organelles; Peptidoglycan absent in the cell wall; Several kinds of RNA polymerase; Introns are present in some genes; Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin and chloramphenicol are not inhibited

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6
Q

Eukarya Domain Comparison

A

Membrane enclosed organelles; Peptidoglycan absent in the cell wall; Several kinds of RNA polymerase; Introns are present; Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin and chloramphenicol are not inhibited

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7
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Some are anaerobes/aerobes; decomposers; pathogens; used in genetic engineering; carry out conjugation; photosynthetic/not photosynthetic; viruses included

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8
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Unicellular; includes extremophiles

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9
Q

Conjugation

A

primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material

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10
Q

Extremophiles

A

Include methanogens which obtain energy by producing methane from hydrogen. Halophiles thrive in areas with high salt concentrations. Thermophiles thrive in very high temperatures.

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11
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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12
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

…

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13
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

…

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14
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

…

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15
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

…

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16
Q

Evolutionary Trends in Animals

A

Organisms begin as tiny, primitive, single-celled organisms in oceans. Then, about 1.5 billion years ago multicellular eukaryotic organisms evolved. Trends include: specialization of tissues, germ layers, body symmetry, cephalization and body cavity formation.

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17
Q

Primitive Developmental Features

A
  • No symmetry/radial symmetry with little to no sensory apparatus
  • Two cell layers: ectoderm and endoderm
  • No Coelom
  • No true tissue
  • Life in water
  • Sessile
  • Few Organs/No organ systems
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18
Q

Complex Developmental Features

A
  • Bilateral symmetry with a head end and complex sensory apparatus
  • Cephalization
  • Triploblastic: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
  • Pseudocoelom to coelom
  • True tissues, organs and organ systems
  • Life on land and all the modification it requires
  • Motile
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19
Q

Cell

A

basic unit of all forms of life (ex. Nueron)

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20
Q

Tissue

A

groups of cells that perform a particular function (Sciatic Nerve)

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21
Q

Organ

A

group of tissues that work together to perform related functions

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22
Q

Germ Layer

A

the three main layers of the body that form various tissues and organs of the body; formed through gastrulation

23
Q

Ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer; becomes the skin and nervous system; includes the brain and spinal cord

24
Q

Endoderm

A

innermost germ layer; becomes the viscera (guts) or the digestive system

25
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle germ layer; becomes the blood and bones

26
Q

Two Germ Layers

A

diploblastic; Porifera and Cnidarians only have the ectoderm and endoderm with the mesoglea to connect the two

27
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

the body is organized along a longitudinal axis with the right and left sides that mirror each other; echinoderms are an exception because they have bilateral symmetry as larvae and convert to radial symmetry as adults; bilateral animals are usually triploblastic

28
Q

Cephalization/Development of the Head End

A

With bilateral symmetry comes and anterior (front) end and a posterior (back) end; Sensory apparatus and brains are located in the anterior while digestive, excretory and reproductive organs are located in the posterior

29
Q

Coelom

A

fluid filled body cavity; arises from within the mesoderm and is surrounded by mesoderm tissue; provides space for transport and respiratory systems

30
Q

Acoelomates

A

Porifera, Cnidaria, and Platyhelminthes which have no coelom; their three germ layers are packed with no body cavity except the digestive one

31
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Nematodes or roundworms have a fluid filled tube between the endoderm and the mesoderm; Acts as a hydrostatic skeleton and increases effectiveness of an animal’s muscular contractions

32
Q

Protostomes

A

Division of coelomates in which the first opening, called the blastopore, becomes the mouth. Include annelids, mollusks and arthropods.

33
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Division of coelomates in which the second opening becomes the mouth and the first opening becomes the anus. Include echinoderms and chordates.

34
Q

Porifera - The Sponges - Invertebrates

A
  • No nerves, muscles, symmetry or movement.
  • Spongocoel is a central cavity that filters water drawn to it.
  • Diploblastic
  • Only three types of cells: choanocytes, spicules, and amoebocytes.
  • Evolved from colonial organisms.
  • Reproduce sexually and through sexually as they are hermaphrodites.
35
Q

Porifera: Choanocytes

A

collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water

36
Q

Porifera: Spicules

A

supportive and classification is done by the type of spicule

37
Q

Porifera: Amoebocytes

A

cells that move on their own and perform functions such as reproduction, carrying food particles to non-feeding cells and secretion of material that forms the spicules

38
Q

Cnidarians - Hydra and Jellyfish

A
  • Invertebrates with radial symmetry.
  • Polyp (vase) shaped or medusa (upside down bowl) shaped.
  • Diploblastic
  • The gastrovascular cavity it where extracellular digestion occurs.
  • Intracellular digestion is carried out by lysosomes.
  • Have no transport systems
  • Contain stinging cells called cnidocytes.
39
Q

Life Cycle of Cnidarians

A

Some go through a planula larva stage then go through two reproductive stages: asexually reproducing poly stage and a sexually reproducing medusa stage

40
Q

Platyhelminthes - Flatworms + Tapeworms

A
  • Invertebrates that are the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry, anterior end, three cell layers, and cephalization.
  • Have true tissues and organs.
  • Digestive tract has one opening for digestion and excretion so they do not occur at the same time.
  • Acoelomates: have a flat body to keep cells in contact with oxygen and a branched digestive cavity to spread nutrients
41
Q

Nematoda - Roundworms

A
  • Unsegmented invertebrates with bilateral symmetry and litter sensory apparatus.
  • Protostome pseudocoelmates
  • Pseudocoelom transports nutrients with little room for a circulatory system.
  • Parasitic - Trichinosis
42
Q

Annelida - Segmented Worms: Earthworms/Leeches

A
  • Invertebrate, Protostome coelomates with bilateral symmetry yet little sensory apparatus
  • Digestive tract is a tube within a tube consisting of a crop, gizzard and intestine
  • Nephridia used for excretion of nitrogenous waste and urea
  • Closed circulatory system with a five aortic arch heart
  • Hemoglobin in blood
  • Diffusion of O and CO2
  • Hermaphroditic but no self fertilization
43
Q

Mollusca - Squids, Octopuses, Slugs, Clams and Snails

A
  • Invertebrate, Protostome coelomates
  • Soft body with hard, calcium-containing shell
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Radula, movable tooth-bearing structure, acts as a tongue
  • Open circulatory system with blood-filled spaces called hemocoels, lack capillaries
  • Gills and Nephridia
44
Q

Body Zones of Mollusca

A

In the head-foot zone, it contains sensory and motor organs. In the visceral mass it contains the organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction. The Mantle zone is a specialized tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell.

45
Q

Arthropoda - Insects (grasshoppers), Crustaceans (shrimp, crabs), and Arachnids (spiders)

A
  • Invertebrates, Protostome coelomates with jointed appendages and segmented head, thorax and abdomen
  • Have more sensory apparatus than annelids which give them more speed and movement
  • Chitinous exoskeleton protects and aids in movement
  • Open circulatory system with a tubular heat and hemocoel, lack capillaries
  • Malpighian tubules remove nitrogenous wastes and uric acid
  • Aird ducts bring air from trachea into hemocoels
  • Book lungs/ book gills
46
Q

Echinodermata - Sea Stars (starfish) and Sea Urchins

A
  • Invertebrate, Deuterostome coelomates that are sessile/ slow
  • Bilateral as embryo and radial as an adult (adaptation for sessile lifestyle)
  • Water vascular system (modified coelom) created hydrostatic pressure for tube feet (the locomotive structures)
  • Sexual reproduction with external fertilization
  • Fragmentation and regeneration
  • endoskeleton with calcium plates that grow into the body
47
Q

Chordata - Fishes, Amphibians, reptiles, Birds and Mammals

A
  • Vertebrate, deuterostome coelomates with a notochord that extends the length of the body and serves as a flexible axis
  • Dorsal with hollow nerve cord
  • Tails that aid in movement and balance (coccyx bones in humans)
  • Birds and mammals are endotherms and homeotherms while others are ectotherms
48
Q

Endotherm/Homeotherm

A

maintain a consistent body temperature

49
Q

Mammals

A
  • Keratin in hair/fur
  • Mother provides milk
  • Homeotherms
50
Q

Placental Mammals

A

Eutherians’ born and the embryo develops internally in a uterus connected to the mother by placenta where nutrients diffuse from mother to embryo

51
Q

Marsupials

A

Mammals; Kangaroos; born early in embryonic development and the joey completes its development while nursing in the mother’s pouch

52
Q

Monotremes

A

egg-laying mammals; platypus and anteater; derive nutrients from a shelled egg

53
Q

Primates

A
  • Descended from insectivores
  • Dexterous hands (sensitive/nerve endings) with opposable hands
  • Claws replaced by nails
  • Front -facing eyes enhance communication
  • Parents young (nurture their young for a long time)
  • humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons etc.

AP Biology (15 decks)

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