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Chapter 10/11- Classification and biodiversity > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

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2
Q

What are the 7 taxonomic groups?

A

(Domain), kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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3
Q

Why do scientists classify organisms?

A

To identify species- scientists worldwide can share their research
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links between organisms

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4
Q

What is the definition of species?

A

Group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

What is the problem with common names?

A

Organisms may have more than one common name- different names in different languages
Do not provide information about the relationships between organisms (eg whether they evolved from a common ancestor)

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6
Q

How is an organism named in binomial nomenclature?

A

Genus, species

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7
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A 
Prokaryotes- bacteria
Protoctista- unicellular eukaryotes
Fungi- yeast/ mushrooms
Plants
Animals
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8
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular

No nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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9
Q

Protoctista

A

Unicellular

Nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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10
Q

Fungi

A

Uni/ multicellular
Nucleus, membrane bound organelles and a chitin cell wall
Saprophytic feeders- nutrients acquired by absorption of decaying material

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11
Q

Plants

A

Multicellular
Cellulose cell wall and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
Autotrophic feeders- nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
Store food as starch

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12
Q

Animals

A

Multicellular
No cell wall or chloroplasts
Heterotrophic feeders- nutrients acquired by ingestion
Food stored as glycogen

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13
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

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14
Q

What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria?

A

Archaebacteria- can live in extreme environments
Eubacteria- can live in all environments
Archaea and bacteria are now classified as two separate domains as there is a difference in the composition of ribosomes and the cell walls differ

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15
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary relationships between organisms
It takes into account evolutionary relationships that might not be obvious by just looking at
characteristics. It forms a continuous tree so organisms do not have to be forced into groups

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16
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The theory that describes the way in which organisms change over many years as a result of natural selection. Organisms best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their characteristics onto their offspring.

17
Q

What is the evidence for evolution?

A

Paleontology- the study of fossils and the fossil record
Comparative anatomy- the similarities and differences between organisms anatomy
Comparative biochemistry- similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organisms

18
Q

What evidence is provided by the fossil record?

A

Fossils of the simplest organisms are found in the oldest rocks whereas fossils of more complex organisms are found in more recent rocks (simple life more gradually evolved into complex life)
Plant fossils appear before animal fossils
By studying similarities in the anatomy of different fossils scientists can show how closely related organisms have evolved from a common ancestor

19
Q

What is a disadvantage about using the fossil record?

A

It is not complete- many organisms decompose before they have the chance to fossilise and the conditions needed for fossils to form are often not present

20
Q

What is the difference between a homologous and analougous structure?

A

Homologous- structure that seems different in but has the same underlying structure
Evidence for divergent evolution- from a common ancestor, different species have evolved, with a different set of adaptive features

Analogous- structures are different but perform the same role
Evidence for convergent evolution- unrelated species begin to share similar traits because they adapt to similar environments and selection pressures

21
Q

How is comparative biochemistry used?

A

Organisms that are more closely related share more similar DNA and proteins.

22
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences in characteristics between organisms
Interspecific- between members of different species
Intraspecific- between members within the same species
Genetic/ environmental causes

23
Q

What are the genetic causes of variation?

A

1- Alleles of the same gene
2- Mutations (changes to the DNA sequence which can lead to a change proteins and therefore characteristics that are coded for)
3- Meiosis (independent assortment and crossing over)
4- Sexual reproduction (random fertilisation)

24
Q

What are adaptations?

A

Characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment
Anatomical- physical features
Behavioural- the way an organism acts
Physiological- processes that take place inside an organism

25
Q

Anatomical adaptations

A

Body coverings- help organisms to fly/ stay warm/ provide protection
Camouflage- outer colour of the animal allows it to blend into its environment so it is harder for predators to spot it
Mimicry- copying another animals appearance/ sounds to fool predators to thinking its dangerous

26
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

Survival- eg a rabbit plays dead when they think they have been seen by a predator
Courtship- elaborate courtship behaviours to attract a mate
Seasonal migration
Hibernation to conserve energy
Behaviour can be innate- inherited through genes or learned

27
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Poison production - eg plants produce poison in their leaves to prevent them from being eaten
Water holding- eg cacti hold large amounts of water in their leaves

28
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

A

Organisms within a species show variation in their characteristics caused by genes
Organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to the selection pressures have an increased chance of surviving and successfully reproducing
These organisms pass the advantageous allele onto their offspring- over time the advantageous allele frequency increases in the gene pool

Chapter 10/11- Classification and biodiversity (2 decks)

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