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Alevel bio and chem > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the level of hierarchy?

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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2
Q

acronym for hierarchy

A

King phillip comes over for great spaghetti

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3
Q

What is the domain?

A

highest taxonomic rank

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4
Q

What is the phylum, what does it contain?

A
  • major subdivision of the kingdom

- groups of organisms that have the same body plan (ie presence of backbone)

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5
Q

What is a class?

A

group of organisms that possess the same general traits (ie same number of legs)

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6
Q

What is an order?

A

subdivision of the class w additional info (ie mammals divided into herbivores/ carnivores)

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7
Q

What is a family?

A

a group of closely related genera (ie within carnivores we have the cat family and the dog family)

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8
Q

What is a genus?

A

group of closely related species

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9
Q

What is a species?

A

the basic unit of classification

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10
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya

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11
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A 
Prokaryotes
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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12
Q

What are some features of prokaryotes? (nucleus, DNA, organelles, cell wall, ribosomes, free living/ parasitic)

A
  • no nucleus
  • loops of DNA
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan
  • small ribosomes
  • free living and parasitic
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13
Q

What is the role of mesosomes in prokaryotes?

A

carry out respiration

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14
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

binary fission, some reproduce sexually

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15
Q

What are the 3 common shapes of prokaryotes?

A

helix, sphere, rod

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16
Q

Examples of prokaryotes

A

bacteria

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17
Q

What are some features of protoctista? (eukar/ prokar, single/ multicellular, organelles, nutrition, free living/ parasitic)

A
  • eukaryotic
  • single celled
  • have characteristics of both plant and animals (contain chloroplasts)
  • autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • free living
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18
Q

Where are proctoctista commonly found and what are some examples of them?

A 
in water
algae
seaweeds
ameoba
plasmodium
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19
Q

What type of nutrition do protoctista have?

A

autotrophic and heterotrophic

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20
Q

What is autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?

A

autotrophic - nutrition through photosynthesis

heterotrophic - nutrition through digesting and absorbing food

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21
Q

How are protoctista mobile?

A

flagella
cilila
pseudopods (false feet)

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22
Q

What are some features of fungi? (ukar/ prokar, single/ multicellular, extra feature, cell wall, cytoplasm, digestion, reproduction, type of nutrition, free living/ parasitic)

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • single and multicellular
  • have mycelium that consists of hyphae
  • cell wall made of chitin
  • cytoplasm multinucleate in filamentous fungi
  • extracellular digestion - excreting enzymes and absorbing soluble products
  • reproduction by releasing spores
  • saprophytic nutrition
  • free living
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23
Q

What is saprophytic nutrition?

A

feeding on decaying matter

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24
Q

example of fungi

A

fungi on an orange

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25
Q

What are some features of Plantae? (eukary/prokar, single/ multicellular, cell wall, organelles, type of nutrition, free living/ parasitic)

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • cell wall cellulose
  • contain chloroplasts, vacuoles
  • autotrophic (food through photosynthesis)
  • free living
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26
Q

What are the two types of plants (simple, complex)?

A

non-vascular and vacular

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27
Q

What are non vascular plants called and what features do they have? How do they reproduce?

A
  • bryophytes
  • lack root, stems, leaves
  • reproduce through spores
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28
Q

How do vascular plants reproduce?

A

produce seeds

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29
Q

What are the features of animalia? (eukar/ prokar, single/ multicellular, type of nutrition, mobility)

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • can move around
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30
Q

What is the need for classification?

A
  • identify species
  • predict characteristics
  • find evolutionary links
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31
Q

What is the advantage of using binomial nomenclature?

A

it helps avoid confusion of using common names

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32
Q

What is the advantage of using binomial nomenclature?

A

it helps avoid confusion of using common names

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33
Q

How do you write names using the binomial nomenclature?

A

Genus - first name (start with capital letter)
species - surname (start with small letter)
full name underlined

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34
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

evolutionary relationships between organisms

35
Q

How is phylogeny related to classification?

A

the closer the evolutionary relationship, the closer the taxonomic grouping

36
Q

How are phylogenetic trees drawn out?

A
  • starts with the common ancestor, branches out to more common ancestors
  • starts from past species, branches out to new
  • continuous
  • the closer two species are on the phylogenetic tree, the closer related they are
37
Q

What are the advantages of phylogeny compared to classification?

A
  • phylogeny produces a continuous tree

- classification requires discrete taxonomical groups

38
Q

What are the five evidences used in classification?

A 
anatomical 
embryological 
behavioural 
biochemical
immunological
39
Q

What is anatomical evidence?

A

organisms with more homologous structures are closer in the phylogenetic tree

40
Q

What are homologous structures

A

structures that appear to be different but have same underlying function ( ie bird wings and human arms )

41
Q

What is embryological evidence?

A
  • the more similar the embryos look, the closer they are phylogenetically
  • evidence that organisms evolved from a common ancestor
42
Q

What is an example of behavioural evidence?

A

ie humans - longer period of parental care, live in social groups, vocalisation and facial expression

43
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

where unrelated organisms develop similar structures, performing the same job (analogous structures)

44
Q

What is biochemical evidence?

A
  • comparing the number of amino acids in Cytochrome C

- DNA Hybridisation

45
Q

What is cytochrome C and why is it used for biochemical evidence for classification?

A

a protein that is found in the mitochondria (found in any respiring organism)

46
Q

What is DNA hybridisation?

A
  • extraction and comparison of DNA samples of two species

- sequences of proteins in DNA strands are compared

47
Q

What is immunological evidence?

A
  • inject human serum (blood plasma without clotting proteins) into rabbit
  • serum contains proteins which can act as antigen if they enter blood of a diff species
  • antigens make rabbit produce antibodies
  • rabbit serum removed and added to test tube
  • reaction will produce precipitate
  • the higher the precipitate, the closer the evolutionary relationship
48
Q

What are the three evidences for evolution?

A

1) Palaeontology
2) Comparative anatomy
3) Comparative biochemistry

49
Q

What is palaeontology?

A

study of fossils and the fossil record

50
Q

What is evidence provided by the fossil record?

A

(1) fossils of simpler organism found in older rocks, fossils of more complex structures found in recent rocks
(2) plant fossils appear before animal fossils, matching idea that animals require plants to survive
(3) find out how closely related organisms are based on similarities/ differences between fossils
(4) find out if current living organisms are related to certain extinct organisms

51
Q

What is a disadvantage of palaeontology?

A
  • many organisms are soft bodied + decompose before they fossilise
  • conditions needed to fossilise rarely present
  • other fossils have been destroyed
52
Q

What is evidence provided by comparative anatomy?

A
  • studying similarities and differences between the anatomy of living species
  • homologous structures, evidence of divergent evolution
53
Q

What evidence is provided by comparative biochemistry?

A
  • study of similarities and differences in DNA sequence and protein sequence (cytochrome c)
  • similarities/ differences between:
    • nucleotide
    •base sequence
  • the more similar the sequences, the closer related the species are
54
Q

What are variations?

A

the differences in characteristics between organisms

55
Q

What are the two types of variation?

A

interspecific and intraspecific

56
Q

What is the difference between inter and intra specific variation?

A

interspecific - variation between different species

intraspecific - variation between the same species

57
Q

What are the causes of variation?

A

genetic

enviromental

58
Q

What are the 5 genetic causes of variation?

A 
alleles 
mutations
meiosis
sexual reproduction 
chance
59
Q

How is genetic variation caused by alleles?

A

individuals in a species population may inherit a different allele of a gene

60
Q

How is genetic variation caused by mutations?

A
  • mutations cause changes in the DNA sequence and therefore the gene
  • causes changes in proteins
  • can affect changes in physical and metabolic characteristics
61
Q

How is genetic variation caused by meiosis?

A

through independent assortment and crossing over

62
Q

How is genetic variation caused by sexual reproduction?

A

offspring inherits genes (alleles) from each parent

63
Q

How is genetic variation caused by chance?

A

it is a result of chance as to which two gametes from each parents fuse

64
Q

How can genetic variation take place in asexual reproduction?

A

through mutations

65
Q

What is a characteristic that is classed as purely environmental?

A

scarring (due to accidents/ surgeries)

66
Q

What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous/ discrete variation?

A

continuous - a characteristic that can take any value over a range
discontinuous/ discrete - a characteristic that can only hold certain values

67
Q

What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous/ discrete variation in terms of the amount of genes they are controlled by?

A

continuous - controlled by more than one gene (multiple genes - polygenes)
discontinuous - controlled by a single gene (ABO gene)

68
Q

What are some examples of continuous and discontinuous variation?

A

continuous :
• height
• mass

discontinuous:
• shape of organism (ie shape of bacteria)
• sex of animal

69
Q

How can continuous/ discontinuous data be presented?

A

continuous - histograms

discontinuous - bar chart, pie chart

70
Q

How can continuous data be distributed?

A

on a normal distribution curve

71
Q

What are the characteristics of a normal distribution?

A
  • mean, mode and median are the same
  • the curve has a bell shape (symmetrical)
  • half of the values are less than the mean and half if the values are greater than the mean
  • most values lie close to the mean value
72
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

characteristic that increase the chance of an organisms survival and reproduction in its environment

73
Q

What are the three different types of adaptations?

A

anatomical
behavioural
physiological

74
Q

What are 4 examples of anatomical adaptations?

A
  • body covering
  • camouflage
  • teeth shape
  • mimicry (copying another animals appearance)
75
Q

What are the two types of behavioural adaptations?

A

innate - inherited through genes

learned behaviour - learned from experience/ other animals

76
Q

What are three examples of behavioural

adaptations?

A
  • survival behaviours - playing dead
  • courtship - ie dancing to attract other animals to reproduce
  • seasonal behaviour - migration and hibernation
77
Q

What are three types of physiological adaptations?

A
  • poison production
  • antibiotic production
  • water holding
78
Q

How can animals from different taxonomic groups show similar anatomical features (ie marsupial mole and placental mole)?

A

Through convergent evolution:
• unrelated species show share similar traits
• live in a similar way to each other

79
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

factors that affect organisms chance if survival/ reproduction success (fertile offspring)

80
Q

How does natural selection result in evolution?

A
  • random mutations –> new alleles
  • some alleles –> provide advantage against selection pressures (organism more likely to survive and reproduce)
  • offspring receive the new allele and therefore have ‘evolved’
81
Q

How did Darwin and Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution?

A

observed that birds had diff beak shapes
- birds with beaks most suited to the food they eat are more likely to survive and therefore pass their beak shape to offspring

82
Q

What are some implications for humans due to evolution?

A
  • bacterial antibiotic resistance means infections are harder to treat
  • pesticide resistance means entire crops could be destroyed
83
Q

How is the 3 domain system different to the five kingdoms

A

domain:

  • compares differences in DNA
  • splits prokaryotes into archaea and eubacteria
  • groups eukraya together (fungi, protoctist, plantae, Animalia) therefore there are many similarities between all eukaryotes

Alevel bio and chem (8 decks)

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