Classical Conditioning Flashcards
1
Q
classical conditioning
A
- form of learning, in which an animal learns that one stimulus (such as a doorbell) predicts an upcoming important event (such as delivery of food)
2
Q
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A
- A cue that has some biological significance and in the absence of prior training naturally evokes a response
3
Q
Unconditioned response (UR)
A
- the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
4
Q
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A
- A cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and comes to elicit a conditioned response
5
Q
Conditioned response (CR)
A
- The trained response to a conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus that it predicts
-> Serves as preparation for upcoming events
6
Q
Appetitive Conditioning
A
- Conditioning in which the US is a positive event (e.g. food)
-> Strong conditioners
7
Q
Aversive Conditioning
A
- US is negative event, learning to avoid or minimize the consequences of an expected aversive event
8
Q
Conditional emotional response
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- Technique where US is a shock which leads to freezing of CR
9
Q
Eyeblink conditioning
A
- A classical conditioning procedure in which the US is an airpuff to the eye and the conditioned and unconditioned responses are eyeblinks (CS is a tone)
10
Q
Compensatory response
A
- Compensate an event before it actually happens (e.g. lowering water level in a pool before heavy rain)
11
Q
Compound Conditioning
A
- The simultaneous conditioning of two cues, usually presented at the same time (CR is faster established but when only one of them is used it doesn’t work)
12
Q
Overshadowing
A
- A effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound acquires more association strength, and is thus more strongly conditioned, than does the less salient cue
13
Q
Kamin’s Block Effect
A
- two ways of blocking
1. Being more salient (louder)
2. Getting there sooner (a prior trained CS can block learning about another because it already predicting 100% so there is no more space for another)
14
Q
Blocking
A
- A two phase training paradigm in which prior training to one cue (CS1 → US) blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of the training (CS1+CS2 →US)
15
Q
Mackintosh Theory
A
- CS modulation theory: the way attention to different CSs is modulated determines which of them become associated with the US. Predicts that salience of a tone as a potential CS will decease when the tone is present without any US (as tone develops history of predicting nothing)
-> Previously conditioned stimulus derives its salience from its past success as a predictor of important events & other co-occurring cues don’t get access to your limited pool of attention anymore
16
Q
The Rescola-Wagner Model of Conditioning
A
- three assumptions
- meaning put in 2 equations
- prediction error = occurence of the US - expectation of US based on CS
- expactancy change = prediction error x learning rate
- first trial: no expectations, increase in predictive value (IPVL), added to the accumulative PV
- second trial: former APVL is the new eUS
- learning: increase in eUS associated with reducction of the predictive error: predicitve error is crucial for learning
- cannot account for every type of learning
17
Q
prediction error
A
- difference between weather animal expects the US and wether the US actually occurs
18
Q
negative error
A
- US doesn’t take place even if its predicted
19
Q
Error-correction rule
A
- prediction error = Actual US-Expected US -> Result is positive
- negative error = Actual US - Expected US -> Result is negative
- Actual US and expected US are equal -> No error -> no learning
20
Q
Associative Weight
A
- value representing the strength of association
- resorla-wagner model
- before training: 0
- changes through learning
- gluck and bower’s network model of category learning: diagnose patients suffering from two diseases (midrosis, burlosis), learned symptoms through practice, weighted different paths differently since symptoms partally overlaped
21
Q
latent inhibition
A
- conditioning paradigm
- prior exposure to a CS retards later learning
- studies with rabbits: control group (receives no training), seond group (exposed to sound), resorla-wagner incorrectly predicts no learning in phase 1
22
Q
US-modulation theory
A
- stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the US is processed
- how unexpected the US is
- explaines learning when US is present
- resorla-wagner theory
23
Q
CS modulation theory
A
- stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed
- mackintosh predicts that salience of a tone as CS will decrease, because it has no effect, paying attention to one stimulus diminishes ability to attent to other stimuli, blocking (CS derives its salience from past success)
24
Q
CS input pathway
A
- projects to ponitine nuclei (brainstem): subregion for each kind of sensory information
- projects to deep nuclei of the cerebellum via mossy fibers: interpositus nucleus (exitatory), granule cells - parallel fibres - purkinje cells
25
Q
US input pathway
A
- US activates inferior olive (connections to thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord
- inferior olive activates interpositus nucleus (exitatory)
- cerebellar cortex via climbing fibres: wrap around purkinje cells
26
Q
CR output pathway
A
- starts at purkinje cells
- then from cerebellar cortex into deep nuclei where inhibitory synapse is formed with unterpositus
27
Q
inferior olive
A
- brain codes prediction error
- CR learned: little activity
- during training: prediction error diminishes
- no inferior olive = no classical conditioning
- no inhibition from interpositus to inferior olive = no blocking
28
Q
electrophysiological recording in the cerebellum
A
- electrode inserted in to interpositus nucleus
- neural activity occurs milliseconds before the actual behaviour
- no activity in unpaired CS or US alone trials (cerebellum no responsible for unconditioned eye-blinks)
- purkinje cellls sponaneously always fire: decrease in firing leads to response, inhibition on interpositus is removed
29
Q
brain stimulation as substitute for behavioural training
A
- brain stimulation of the pathways
- response indistinguishable from those of behavioural training
30
Q
reducing medication through classical conditioning
A
- pairing of a neutral stimulus with a powerful medication
- train the body to cope with a disease
- used when medications have serious side effects
31
Q
classical conditioning in tolerance of addictive drugs
A
- automatic compensatory responses
- conditioned tolerance: dependent on environmental cues, acts as CS associated with US drug, cravings are CR (result from body conditioned compensatory response of lowering cheimcals)
- latent inhibition: pre-exposure slows down
- extinction does apply to drug tolerance
