Classical Civilisations Flashcards
0
Q
What is oligarchy?
A
Ruled by a group of people but not all people
1
Q
How was power divided?
A
Patricians who were the oldest and most powerful. 3% of Rome
Plebeians who were the common body
2
Q
When was the Roman republic
A
509 BCE - 31 BCE
3
Q
Greatest crime?
A
To be a king
4
Q
Why roman politicians were patricians?
A
Politicians did not get paid so patricians had to do it
5
Q
Cursus Honorum
A
Political ladder
6
Q
Who were consuls?
A
X2
Commanded the army, handled national foreign exchange, possessed imperium
7
Q
Praetors
A
X 6
Imperium, deputy to governors
8
Q
Aediles
A
X 8
4 each year, public admin, water and corn supply, public games
9
Q
Queastors
A
X 16
Finance
10
Q
Senate
A
Usually 300 but could increase in number
11
Q
Tribune
A
X 10
Representing plebs, has veto,
12
Q
Equites
A
Traders or merchants
Get rich to gain power
13
Q
Optimates
A
Limit power of tribune Extend power to senate Opposed novi homines Prevent generals Senate in charge (oligarch)
14
Q
Populares
A
Uses tribunes to gain power
Expand citizenship
Hostile to optimates
15
Q
How do we know about Cicero
A
Atticus - publishes Cicero’s work, may have had it changed to put Cicero in a positive light
Plutarch - 150 years after Cicero’s death, parallel lives, Cicero and Demsothenes, Caesar and Augustus
16
Q
Atticus
A
Childhood friends
Epicurean- stays out of politics so he is not biased and is 100% honest
Quintus marries Atticus sister ( pomponia)
17
Q
Cicero’s letter to Atticus ( positives)
A
A wide range of topics discussed
Childhood friends
Business man
Epicurean
18
Q
Cicero’s letters to Atticus criticisms
A
Personal relationship so could have edited letter to out in positive light
Published after Cicero’s death
19
Q
Positives of using Plutarch as a source
A
Has large coverage
Facts
20
Q
Criticisms of using Plutarch as a source
A
Things been tampered with by other writers
Exaggerates to seem better
Adds points to contradict himself
Moralist
21
Q
Why is Cicero not popular
A
Equites
Nous homo - first in his family in the senate
Belief in Concordia ordininum - harmony if the orders, belief senate and equites should work together
Therefore he is politically isolated
22
Q
What political class was Sulla
A
Optimates
23
Q
Sulla’s proscriptions
A
List of populares to be executed
24
Jury duty
Used to be equites now on,y senate
| Senate abuse this power
25
Sulla's reforms
Increase number in senate - to 600
Remove censors
Lex villia annalis - reelection only after 10 years, minimum age limit of cursus Honorum
Muzzling of tribunes - tribunes find hard to get job after
Quaestio reform - fro 2 to 7 crimes, jury duty to senate
26
Who were Sulla's lieutenants?
Pompey
Crassus
Caitline
Chrysogonus
27
What started the trial of roscius?
Chrysogonus wants the land of the wealthy farmer, roscius dad, on the cheap and so chrysogonus kills him. Chrysogonus then blames roscius of committing patricide.
28
Key points of trial of roscius
```
Three-tier attack
Cicero defended Roscius and attempted to prove his innocence, Cicero then named others who would have benefitted, Cicero then named Chrysagonus
There was no evidence
There was no motive
The whole thing is baseless accusations
```
29
Implications of the Trial of Roscius
Critisizes Chrysagonus so he indirectly critisizes Sulla
Risks his life- nobody knows him so was risky- Sulla could have him killed
Courageous move for acero- naming Chrysogonus
Critisizes proscryotions so is indirectly critisizing Sulla
30
Successes for acero in the Trial of Roscius
Escapes with his life
Became the most successful lawyer in Rome
Became rick quick
Met Atticus and he introduced acero to significant Athenians
Ciero brought a rapid succession of cases to courts
Courageous:only lawyer to defend him
Defeats Sulla and escapes with his case
Breakthrough case
Defeats Erucius
Establishes reputation
33
Verres crimes
1. The wheat-growers and revenue collectors were ruined by extortionate demands or cancelled contracts
2. Temples and private houses were robbed of their works of art
3. The rights of roman citizens were disregarded
4. Roman citizens were tortured and put to death like slaves
5. Criminals would bribe their way out whilst honest men would be prosecuted
6. Took inheritance
7. Neglects Roman navy and Roman ports
8. Offended the Gods
34
How does Verres attempt to manipulate the Roman justice system?
1. Trying to get the trial postponed until 69BCE, when friend would be judge
2. 'Bought' the jury (bribe them)
3. Promise to give year 2 and 3 of his money when he was governor to the judges (learn quote)
4. Lavish use of bribery and boasting
5. Arranges another governors trail first "I am consul, 1 brother gov of Sicily, the other will be president of court"
35
Why did Cicero take on the case in the Trial of Verres
1. He hated dishonest administration (bad governors= bad for Rome)
2. He wanted to show that the equites should be part of the judicial process
3. Great opportunity for acero to beat the most distinguished orator (quinus Hortensius) who was defending Verrus
4. Standing up for the Sicilians
36
What tactics does Hortensius use in the Trail or Verres
1. Try to sideline Verres prosecution by hoping to get a prosecution of a former governor of Bithynia to take place first (failed)
2. Try to delay unit after public holidays so a new and more friendly judge would be appointed
37
What was the political result of Verres conviction?
1. The senate lost its total control of the courts- the Aurelian law and was forced to share its duties with the equites
2. Verres went into exile
3. Cicero had achieved a massive boast to his political prestige and social standing
38
What did Cicero do wrong in the trial of Verres
Cicero starts to attack Verres for his whole life of which he should only prosecute for the crime he in in court for. This includes his time as a quaestor and a praetor.
He uses his opening speech for his prosecution to try to speed up the trial
Use of hyperbole ( exaggeration)
39
Dangers that faced Cicero
```
Nous homo
Skilled in oratory rather than military leadership
Verres had connections
Jury was made up of entirely the Senate
He was picked by Sicilians
He was going for the aedile election
```
40
What was Cicero seen as after the Trial if Verres?
A just politician ( a politician do principle ) who disliked dishonest men and who agreed with the senate as long as it was fair
41
Against Verres
| Collection of evidence
Speedy and thorough (50 days)
| In Sicily
42
Description of the opposition to Cicero and how he responds during the Trail of Verres
Cicero emphasises personal danger
Exaggerates dangers to praetor, senate, whole if the roman people and the whole world
Threat by Metellus - " I am consul, one brother is governor of Sicily, the other will be president of the court...Cicero will come to no harm "
Cicero attacks defence for trying to delay the trial, for attempting to have a false prosecutor, attempt to out another trial before Verres' so that Verres' trial was in the following year so that a friend would be president of the court.
43
The way Cicero portrays Verres behaviour
Attacks Verres' public boasting that he would secure acquittal through bribery
His behaviour was so disgraceful that the senate would be inevitable disgraced and lose control of the courts
Attacks him for using Sicilian money to block Cicero's election to Aedile
Cicero claimed that Verres said " first year profit from Sicily for him, second years for defence, third years for judges"
44
The way that Cicero presents the Verres case
Immediately without 40 day recess for Pompey' games, while Rome was crowded for the elections, games and census. This was to gain maximum publicity and avoid loss of momentum
Cicero called witnesses at once to avoid a lengthy trial.
45
Do you agree with Cicero that the political situation in 70BCE at the time of Verres' trial was a dangerous crisis?
Sulla's strengthening of the senate under the threat - Pompey and Crassus consuls 70 BCE restored tribunes power and revived censorship ; in particular Sulla's awarding courts exclusively to the senate increasingly discrediting because of corruption.
Proposed lex Aurelian - senate to share courts with equites . Passions were certainly running high and Cicero genuinely believed integrity of the courts essential for the long term stability of the republican government
Cicero's presentation of the case was a ploy to present himself as a defender of the senate awhile securing the conviction of one of their numbers
Cicero's graphic description if Verres highlighted the corruption if the senate in a highly memorable way - this would have done little to reduce the tension
Verres actions not in principle contrary to normal roman practice
46
How does Cicero describe Verres
A degrade lunatic
48
What was the lex Gabinia ?
67 BCE
Command was against the pirates - threatening romes grain supply
Pirates Became more of a problem due to Verres' mismanagement of Sicily - neglecting ports
No mention of a speech by Cicero
Pompey defeated the pirates in 3 months ( when he had been given 3 years ) and this increased his political prestige. The grain prices also returned to normal which increased Pompey's pleb support
49
What was the Lex Manilia?
66 BCE
Against Mithridates in the East - Mithridates had taken over large parts of the East and had massacred over 80000 equites and their families.
The east was crucial to Rome for its trade routes and tax revenues
Pompey replaced Lucullus
Cicero made the speech Pro Lege Manilia which shows Cicero to be very opportunistic as in the space of a year Cicero had become a very strong supporter of Pompey
50
What did Pompey need from Cicero
He needed a clever and a brave politician to protect him from political attacks by his rivals ( Crassus ) while he was absent in the East.
51
What did Cicero need from Pompey
He needed a mainstream support in the order to become a consul
52
What did Pompey agree to do for Cicero
Use his influence in and outside the senate to get supporters to back Cicero
53
What did Cicero agree to help Pompey with
Promised to defend Pompey from any political attacks made against him by his rivals
54
What did people fear when Pompey returned from the east?
Pompey becoming another Sulla
55
What attacks were made against Pompey whilst he was away?
The first catilinarian conspiracy ( don't need to know this)
The Rullan Bill
The Trial of Rabirius
Pro Rege Alexandrino
56
What was the Rullan Bill?
That new conquered land would be given to citizens - land commissions
Romes economy would be boosted- due to more taxes and more trade
57
Who was behind the Rullan Bill?
A tribune called Rullus
| Ultimately Crassus and Caesar as they promoted this idea
58
Who did the Rullan bill target?
Pompey because he had promised the land to his veterans
This would affects Pompey's prestige
Also would affect loyalty with his army
59
What was the effectiveness of the Rullan Bill?
Cicero's speech, Against Rullus
This was successful
Cicero had defended Pompey
60
What was the Trial of Rabirius?
Caesar undermining an SCU passed
| This would make Pompey's laws illegal and so he would be prosecuted when he returns from the East
61
Who was behind the trial of Rabirius?
Caesar and Crassus
62
Who did the Trial of Rabirius target?
Pompey because when he returns he would be prosecuted
63
How effective was the Trial of Rabirius?
Cicero's speech, Pro Rabirio
| Cicero has protected Pompey
64
What was Pro Lege Alexandrino ?
Crassus wants Egypt added to Rome ( Crassus wants to be governor )
This would make Crassus wealthier as he would be in charge of a powerful province
65
Who was behind Pro Rege Alexandrino
Crassus
66
Who did Pro Rege Alexandrino target?
Pompey as it would make Crassus more powerful
66
Why did Catiline return to Rome after his praetorship in Africa?
To stand for consulship
67
How effective was the Pro Rege Alexandrino?
Cicero makes a speech Pro Rege Alexandrino which is successful
67
What did Catiline propose in order to get elected as consul?
| What was did this mean?
Tabulae Novae
'Blank sheet '
Cancellation of debts
68
Who was Catiline?
Patrician
His family was in debt
Loyal to Crassus
He was willing to do anything to become a consul and restore his family's reputation
68
During the Catilinarian conspiracy period, what was happening to the people?
Most of society was in debt
Unemployment was rising
Mass ownership of slaves
Rome was no longer able to feed herself
69
Did Catiline pose as a threat?
No
70
Who were Catiline's supporters?
| Only need to know 2-3
'Large debts but even larger property'
'Men who are heavily in debt but expect to come into power'
'Cowards'
'People who have murdered parents and assassins in general'
'Sullan Homines'
'The inner core'
71
When was Catilinarian conspiracy?
63 BCE
72
Key events of the Catilinarian conspiracy
Look at page 56
73
What is Cicero hailed as at the end of the Catilinarian conspiracy?
Pater Patriae
74
Cicero's action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades the senate to pass an S.C.U despite having no proof
Brave - he has no proof so brave of him to try
| Not wise - he has no proof
75
Cicero's action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Protects himself against assassination
Not brave - porting himself...coward?
| Wise - making people think that he is in danger from Catiline
76
Cicero's action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Denounces Catiline
Brave - he is a patrician
| Wise - in short term it increases his prestige
77
Cicero's action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades senate to declare Catiline a public enemy
Brave - he is a patrician and trying to persuade senate without evidence
Wise - adds to prestige
78
Cicero's action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades Gallic tribesmen to gain documents
Brave - might not work and Gallic may betray them
Not brave - sneaky way to get proof
Wise - not doing it himself so not getting any blame but it is a clever way to get proof
79
Cicero's action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Executes plotters without trial
Brave - people can bring this against Cicero
| Not wise - against law and a S.C.U has been passed against Catiline and head leader but not against the other plotters
80
Cicero's action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Arranged for consular colleague ( Antonius ) to attack Catiline
Not brave - he gets everyone else to do it
| Wise - Cicero gets victory if Antonius wins and if Antonius loses its Antonius' fault
81
Cicero's action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Took all responsibility for defeating Catiline
Brave - this can fall badly on him
Wise - short term - Pater Patriae
Not wise - long term - factor involved in his exile
82
What is Pater Patriae?
Father of his country
Granted by his senate
Sows that he has been accepted by the senate and the optimates
83
What did Pompey want from the senate when he returned from the east?
Land for his veterans
| Ratify settlement of the east
84
Why does Pompey not get any attention when he returns from the east?
Clodius is at his trial for ultimate wrongdoing at the Bona Dea scandal
85
Who stops Pompey getting his requests when he returns from the east?
Cato
86
What were the fears of the senate for when Pompey arrived?
Pompey becoming another Sulla
Pompey marching on Rome
Pompey stirring up trouble in Rome
Proscriptions
87
When Pompey returned, what did he do to reassure the senate that he would not do anything that would disturb Rome
He declared his peaceful intentions - preservations of otium (stability and peaceful intentions)
Disbanded army
Writes an open letter for otium - so all can understand
88
Cicero's letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
What had Pompey done to everybody's surprise on his return to Rome? What was Rome fearing?
Pompey disbanded his army to everybody's surprise and wrote a public open letter that was about otium and the preservation of peace.
Senate fearing Pompey would come back as another Sulla, stir up trouble, bring back Sulla's reforms
89
Cicero's letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
What 'unremitting efforts on your behalf' is Cicero talking about ?
The Pro Rege Alexandrino
Trial of Rabirius
Rullan Bill
Lex Manilia
90
Cicero's letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
How does Cicero again attempts to promote his Concordia Ordinum
He wants Pompey as the champion of Concordia Ordinum
91
Cicero's letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
Why is Cicero unhappy
Pompey has not praised Cicero for his efforts whilst he was away for the Catilinarian conspiracy
92
Cicero's letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
How does he say people view his achievements?
He was universally favourable and brave
93
What was the Bona Dea scandal?
What happened?
What were the reactions of Romans?
Conducting a secret rite to Bona Dea in the Pontifex Maximus (Caesars) house
One guest was unknown and he talked in in a mans voice which exposed him
Women stopped proceedings and and covered sacred things up
Caesar divorced his wife as there was a rumour of an affair between Caesars wife and Clodius
94
In the Bona Dea trial what happened? What were the key impacts?
Cicero did not help Clodius even though Clodius supported Cicero during the Catilinarian conspiracy
Clodius was acquitted through bribery
Cicero and Clodius are powerful enermies
95
Cicero letter to his wife Terentia when he was exiled. What did he say?
"It's all my fault"
"No need to despair" Triumvirs will break up...
Cicero is concerned about Terentia selling the flats as this would ruin Marcus' chance of education
96
What was Cicero in charge of in his quaestorship
Extortion courts
97
What allowed Cicero to not be a novus homo?
Quaestor
98
What was Cicero's praetorship like?
He was a good praetor
99
Who was in the first Triumvirate?
Pompey
Crassus
Caesar
100
Why did the first Triumvirate join?
Caesar could get what Pompey and Crassus wanted when he was consul
101
What did Pompey want as to why he joined the first Triumvirate?
Land for veterans
| Ratify settlements of the east
102
What did Crassus want as to why he joined the first Triumvirate?
Equites rebate
103
What did Caesar want form the first Triumvirate?
Support for the consulship in 59 BCE
104
What did Plutarch say about the first Triumvirate?
Caesar was "protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey"
Pompey would marry Julia so that Caesar would have "more of the influence of Pompey"
Pompey "filled the forum with the armed men"
105
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex Agraria? Why?
Pompey
Land was secured for veterans
Settled in campania Italy
Increased Pompey's prestige
106
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex de Publicanis? Why?
Crassus
Gave the equites a tax rebate
Support of the equites
107
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex Curiata? Why?
Caesar, Crassus and maybe Pompey
| To remove Cicero who is a powerful enemy
108
Who passed the lex Curiata? What is it?
Clodius as a tribune
Exiles all politicians who had ever put to death a roman citizen without trial - Catilinarian conspiracy - gets back at Cicero
109
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex campana? Why?
Pompey
Support and prestige
Makes sure veterans have land
Ratifies settlement of the east
110
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex Vatinia de imperio? Why?
Caesar
Gallic wars
Control over Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul for five years
If he could conquer Gaul he would gain massive prestige, popularity and wealth
111
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited when Caesar codified procedure and punishment for extortion? Why?
Caesar
Caesar goes to Gaul to gain wealth
Rewrote laws on extortion
Prevents going to trial for extortion
112
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited when Caesar does a compulsory order for senate to publish its business? Why?
Caesar
Allows Caesar to monitor senate whist he is away
Don't want to infuriate plebs
113
Why does Cicero refuse to join the Triumvirate?
Goes against Concordia Ordinum
| The Triumvirate was hijacking the republic
114
What lead to Cicero's exile?
```
Ammunition
( executes conspirators without trial )
+
Enemy
( humiliates Clodius during the Bona Dea trial )
+
Opportunity
( opposition to Triumvirs ( Clodius - tribune) )
=
Exile
```
115
Cicero's letter to Atticus in 59 BCE about the opposition to the Triumvirs
What is Cicero clearly irritated about throughout this letter?
The first Triumvirate
How no one is standing up to them ( think this is the letter where he say that Curio is the only one publicly standing up to them )
How the three of them are "taking over"
Hijacking the republic - for personal gain
Opposite of Concordia Ordinum
116
Cicero's letter to Atticus in 59 BCE about the opposition to the Triumvirs
What damning prediction does Cicero make?
"There can be no hope of either private individual or even state officials being free for much longer" freedom is going to disappear
117
Cicero's letter to Atticus in 59 BCE about the opposition to the Triumvirs
What is the Campania law and why is Cicero hostile towards it?
Provide law for Pompey's veterans passed by Caesar and Clodius proposed it
118
Cicero's letter to Atticus in 59 BCE about the opposition to the Triumvirs
What does Caesar propose
That Cicero should join the first Triumvirate
Send cico on a mission
To join Caesars staff
119
Tensions among the Triumvirs
| What does Pompey do to get back at Crassus?
Increased his political power by securing the Cura annonae (corn supply and supervision to the plebs)
Recalls Cicero one year after exile
120
Tensions among the Triumvirs
| What does Crassus do to get back at Pompey?
Clodius exiles Cicero which removed a powerful enemy
Organised gang warfare from Clodius ( backing from Crassus)
Stops Pompey from helping Ptolemy to the throne in Egypt
121
Tensions among the Triumvirs
| What does Pompey do to get back at Caesar?
Supplicato - illegal warfare - prosecutes Caesar
122
What was the conference at Ravenna / Luca 56 BCE
Caesar cannot leave his province therefore Pompey and Crassus go to him
Pompey and Crassus become consuls
Caesars get extension of command in Gaul
Pompey gets Spain as a province and he gets to govern it in absentia for five years
Crassus gets Syria as a province for five years and he wants to invade Parthia
123
In 54 BCE what happened that contributed to the break up of the Triumvirate
Julia died
| Crassus died in Carrhae
124
When Cicero is recalled what does he begin by doing?
He delivered speeches against their allies and planned to attack Caesars legislation as consul
125
What is Cicero surprised by when he is recalled?
The conference at Ravenna and Luca
126
What does Cicero do in response to the conference at Ravenna?
Sings his palinode
127
What is the first speech Cicero makes when he is singing his palinode? What happened?
Pro Balbo
Cicero defends Balbus who is a friend of the Triumvirs
Cicero's opportunity to praise Triumvirs
Pompey - "the valour of Cnaeus Pomponius in war, but also his conscientiousness in peace!"
Crassus - "a man born to a most singular gift of oratory"
Caesar - "great distinction with which Caius Caesar ... How he put an end to their disputes...
128
Letter to Atticus from Cicero in 56 BCE about Triumvirs
| How does Cicero describe the behaviour of the optimates?
Cicero calls the optimates "treacherous leaders" and says that they have no loyalty
129
Letter to Atticus from Cicero in 56 BCE about Triumvirs
"Since the powerless do not want to be me friends, I must make sure the powerful are! I have been an utter fool" what does this means?
The powerless are the optimates and the powerful are the Triumvirs. It is saying that if Cicero had gone with the Triumvirs in the beginning he would not have been exiled - Atticus suggested Cicero join them.
Cicero is hostile to optimates as they did not help him to stop his exile or ring him back
130
Defence of Vatinius
| History with Cicero prior
Witness against Cicero's friend
131
Defence of Vatinius
| Why does Cicero defend them now?
Didn't want to offend the Triumvirs
| Wanted protection from Clodius
132
Defence of Vatinius
| Outcome
Acquitted
133
Defence of Gabinius
| History with Cicero prior
Consul when Cicero was exiled but ignored Cicero when he asked for help
134
Defence of Gabinius
| Why defend him?
Friend of Pompey
135
Defence of Gabinius
| Outcome
Exile and property confiscated
136
What is the key impacts on the defeat of Carrhae!
Weakened the triumvirate
Crassus dead
Pompey sole consul (optimates)
137
Who was the gang warfare against?
Milo (Pompey)
Vs
Clodius (Caesar and Crassus ( before death) )
138
What did Milo do? What happened?
Recalled Cicero to help Pompey against Crassus
Candidate for consulship in 52 BCE
Prosecuted for Clodius' murder
139
What did Clodius do? What happened a.
Candidate for the praetorship in 52 BCE
Exiled Cicero
Use if violence ans the plebs as the basis for power and gang
Killed in tavern in Appian Way
140
What happened after Clodius dies?
Cicero makes a speech - pro Milone - did not go well, as a result Milo is exiled ( as Cicero is intimidated by Clodius' supporters )
Pompey is elected as sole consul to deal with the chaos after Clodius' death
Pompey begins to be seduced by the optimates and starts to make attacks against Caesar in Gaul
Gang warfare drives a wedge between Caesar and Pompey
141
What are the factors leading to the break up of the triumvirate
```
Caesars popularity and success
+
Gang warfare
+
Death of Crassus
+
Death of Julia
=
Break up of triumvirate
```
142
What law did Pompey pass in 52 BCE to get back at Caesar
Lex provincia
Five year gap between consul and governor
Combat bribery and loans and extortion
143
Where does Cicero have to govern?
Cilicia
144
What are Cicero's achievements when he is governor?
Helps to stop Parthian threat
Attacks Pindenisum - hailed as imperator
Helps Cilicia recover from previous governor - Appius
Helps protect client king from assassination
Stops extortion of Scaptius - 48% on loans has to out it down to 12%
Provide famine relief
Fair judge
145
When was Cicero governor?
51 BCE
146
When Cicero is in Cilicia
Letter to Atticus
How does Cicero describe his governorship?
"I am absolutely thrilled with myself"
147
When Cicero's writes to Atticus how does he claim to have helped Cassius defeat the Parthians?
His arrival caused panic which encouraged Cassius to fight - he had a psychological effect on him
"Fresh heart into Cassius"
148
Letter to Atticus
| How dos Cicero describe the Free Cilicians at Pindenissum? What title is Cicero given?
"Wild men and fierce fighters"
| Imperator
149
Letter to Atticus
| How does Cicero describe the provincials and what Appius has done to them?
"Oppressed and almost ruined province"
Cannot afford to pay tax
"Sick of life"
150
Letter to Atticus
| How is Cicero behaving to ensure a positive response from provincials? Where is Appius?
Cicero is not expecting or taking anything that he could e.g. Firewood and shelter
Justice
Self control
Mercifulness
Appius is rushed off to Tarsus ( furthest corner of the province )
151
Letter to Appius
| What is Cicero worried about?
Shortage of troops - don't know where they are - not available for Cicero
Appius has gone with 3 cohurts - 1800 men
152
Cicero's letter to Atticus
| What does Cicero of to help his successor in Cilicia?
Cicero leaves money from the "expense budget decreed to me"
Leaves with full treasury
Leaves his quaestor in charge
153
For more on governorship of Appius and Cicero
Look at page 22
154
Letter to Caelius
| Why does Cicero hate being governor?
Bores him
"Unworthy of my capacities"
Menaced by the horror of major war
He has already done "great things" and has no "ambition" to add to it
Doesn't want to be away from Rome - want to mediate between Pompey and Caesar to prevent civil war
155
Letter to Caelius
| Why does Caelius want panthers?
Caelius wants an Aedileship and so want panthers for his games
156
Letter to Caelius
| How does Cicero compliment Caelius?
Cicero says that anything e.g. Political information , that he receives from Caelius he will "regard as more reliable that anything else"
157
What does Casus belli mean?
Cause of war
158
Cicero's letter from Pompey 49 BCE
Aim?
Flattery?
Threats?
```
Persuade Cicero to join Pompey
To Cicero, general
"Courage of old in the national interests" - Catilinarian conspiracy
Pompey want them to work together
No
```
159
Cicero letter to Caesar 49 BCE
Aim?
Flattery?
Threats?
Expressing his thoughts on his aims "protect out friend Pompey and reconcile him to yourself and the state"
"Aimed at was peace ... Harmony among Romans "
To Cicero, general
"Outstanding and admirable statesmanship"
"I who am a friend of peace and of you both"
No
160
Caesars letter to Cicero 49 BCE
Aim?
Flattery?
Threats?
"Take no rash or ill judged actions"
No
"Seriously damaged the good relations between ourselves"
"Display resistance"
"Acting against your own interest"
"More appropriate of a man of peace...keep out of civil disturbances"
161
Short term causes of the civil war (7)
| Only need a couple though
Increase political polarisation between the Populares and the Optimates during the late republic. The two sides become more and more extreme.
Collapse of the first triumvirate with the death of Julia and the death of Crassus
Aggressive Optimates faction, led by Cato, increasingly worried about Caesars rise in political and military prestige
Pompey drawn to Optimates
Caesar wants to step from pro consulship in Gaul straight to consulship in Rome to maintain imperium and prevent prosecution
Cato threatens to prosecute Caesar on is return from Gaul
162
Long term causes of the civil war (5)
| Only need couple though
Extremely Optimates becomes consul ( Claudius Marcellus) and repeatedly attacks an absent Caesar in the senate
Metallus Scipio proposed that Caesar should be declared a public enemy unless he lays down his command in Gaul
Senate passed S.C.U to protect the republic against Caesar
Mark Antony's veto to lock SCU is ignored and mark Antony is chases out of Rome and this is Caesars Casus Belli
Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his army crossing from his province into Italy
163
Describe what happened in the civil war
Caesar vs Pompey governors in Spain (kills Milo on the way in Marssilia)
Pompey and Caesar in battle of Pharsalus
At Alexandria where Pompey gets decapitated by Ptolemy and Caesar sides with Cleopatra
In Zama, Caesar fights client kings and Mithridates sons
Thapsus vs Milo and Metellus - deals with forces friendly to Pompey - Caesar defeats these
In Munda Caesar fights Pompey's sons
164
Where was the civil war information from?
Plutarch
165
What was Cicero's civil war?
Cicero departed from Italy and arrived at Pompey's camp in 48 BCE
He disgusted everybody by grumbling and everyone else disgusted Cicero by their blood thirsty attitude
Cicero remained in camp on the day of Pharsalus
After Pompey's defeat Cicero returned to Italy and spent 11 months in Brundisium
166
What are the negative things that are done by Cicero during the civil war?
Complains in camp
Pompey son calls him a traitor
Made "sarcastic remarks and jokes about his comrades in arms"
Criticises Pompey behind his back
167
Positive things done by Cicero during the civil war
Cicero stayed in camp despite Cato telling him not to - brave
168
What is Caesars attitude after the civil war? What is it? What do people think of it?
Clematia
Virtue of kindness and forgiveness
Patronises the Optimates
169
What were Caesars aims after the civil war?
Rebuild Rome - leads to jobs and economy boost but the money will be taken from taxes
Stability
Reconstruct Rome - money from taxes
Free slaves - economy - affect Optimates
170
What is Caesar named after the civil war?
Dictator Perpetus ( dictator forever)
171
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Caesar offers Cicero to join the triumvirate and his staff
Positive
172
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Clodius exiles Cicero
Negative
173
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Cicero sings his palinode
Negaitive
174
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Cico sides with Pompey - Caesars threatening letter
Negative
175
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Cicero's in Brundisium - reconciled with Caesar
Positive
176
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Caesar over for dinner
Positive
177
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Caesar assassination - "that superb banquet"
Negative
178
Dinner with Caesar
Letter to Atticus
Did Cicero enjoy Caesars visit?
"Everything went very pleasantly"
"Once is enough"
"I found it a bother... But not disagreeable"
"We were human beings together"
"We talked no serious politics ... A good deal on literary matters"
179
Dinner with Caesar
Letter to Atticus
Did Caesar enjoy himself?
"He liked it and enjoyed himself"
| Found common ground to talk about
180
When was Caesars assassinated?
44 BCE
181
How does Cicero refer to Caesars assassination?
"That superb banquet"
182
What do Brutus and Cassius claimed to have done?
Killed a tyrant
183
What does mark Antony promise Brutus and Cassius?
Amnesty
| For Caesars laws to be kept
184
The funeral of Caesar
Brutus speech at Caesars funeral?
Antony's speech?
Talks about politics and philosophy
Plebs bored and do not understand
Antony tells plebs who murdered Caesar - bloody toga
Plebs go mental
185
Cicero's letter to Trebonius
| Cicero expresses regret
He regrets the roman republic not getting reformed properly
"That superb banquet"
"Should have had no leavings" - mark Antony should have died too
Didn't invite Cicero
186
Cicero's letter to Atticus after Caesars assassination
| How does Cicero see the assassins
As heroes
| "Splendidly achieved"
187
Cicero's letter to Atticus after Caesars assassination
| What problems are the liberators now faced with?
No money
No men
"The rest requires money and men and we have neither
188
Cicero's letter to Atticus after Caesars assassination about meeting with liberators
Criticise the liberators
Technically correct but not appropriate audience
"I should have written more fierily"
Not aggressive enough
Should have been like the "thunderbolts of Demosthenes"
189
Just after meeting he assassins Cicero writes a letter to Atticus
What does Cicero suggest Brutus do? Why is Brutus' safety so important?
Not to go to Rome
| Brutus' family is associated with the foundation of the republic
190
Just after meeting he assassins Cicero writes a letter to Atticus
Why is Cicero so disillusioned after his meeting with Brutus and Cassius?
"I found the ship falling in pieces...it was already in fragments"
"Not a sign of plan, logic or system"
191
After Cicero has met with the liberators and Brutus and Cassius have fled to Greece, Cicero has returned to Rome
What are the main events that Cicero does?
Cicero tries to stop Antony becoming another Caesar
Cicero promotes Octavian
Cicero delivers the Philippics
192
Cicero's attitude to Octavian
"Raised, praised and erased..."
193
Cicero letter to Trebonius 43 BCE
| What has Octavian done to merit Cicero describing him as an "excellent boy"?
Octavian had "quickly mobilised the ex-service men - Caesars veterans
He also had two legions of Antony's army "transferred themselves to his command" which frightened Antony
194
Cicero's letter to Plancus 43 BCE
What has Plancus done to please Cicero?
What is Plancus' foremost duty?
How should Plancus act if he should avoid becoming an "utter disgrace"?
Side of peace
"Break away from bad Romans"
"Offer senate and all right thinking persons your services"
"Abolition of the general terrors of arms and of enslavement is what will bring peace"-must attack Anthony
"Associate yourself with people of that calibre"
195
What speeches did Cicero make against Antony?
The philippics
196
How many philippics were there?
14
197
Quotes from the philippics
```
"Spewing rather than speaking"
"You are the son in law of an ex-slave"
"Totally uncivilised"
"You are an ill behaved lunatic"
"Besides he is no true consul at all"
"An imbecile"
```
198
In the philippics, Cicero relates back to his own past, what does he say?
"The senate has praised only one man" - pater Patriae
199
What were the philippics effects?
In the short term
Declared an SCU against Antony o became an public enemy
Antony fled north where he sieged Decimus Brutus at Mutina
Cicero organised the senate to send consuls Hirtius and Pansa and Octavian against him
Cicero persuaded the senate to grant Octavian the praetorian imperium- therefore shows Cicero is highly Cicero and has not been this influential since the Catilinarian conspiracy
200
Who were involved n the second triumvirate
Octavian , mark Antony, lepidus
201
Who takes over Hirtius and Pansas army after they were killed?
Octavian
202
Cicero undermines Octavian by not giving him a trial who does the trial go to?
Decimus Brutus
203
Who does Cicero give the command against Antony to?
Lepidus
204
What does Cicero give t Brutus and Cassius after the fight at Mutina?
Eastern provinces
205
What does Octavian force Cicero and the senate to make him?
Consul
206
Way does Lepidus do when he meets Antony?
He changes sides
207
What does Octavian do fire he made consul?
Marches north to join Antony and Lepidus
208
What is the advantage of Antony when he joins the triumvirate
Attacks Cicero- proscribed
Revoke SCU
Bigger army
Territories and money
209
What is the advantage to Octavian when he joins the triumvirate?
He attacks Brutus and Cassius
Money t pay off debt
Bigger army
Territories
210
What is Lepidus advantage of joining the triumvirate
Not getting killed
Big army
Proscriptions
211
Who gave what territory in the second triumvirate?
Antony gave trans alpine and cisalpine Gaul- he took control of the east of the empire
Octavian gave Africa, Sicily, Sardinia - west
Lepidus narbonese Gaul and took control Africa
212
Why is Cicero courageous and energetic after caesars murder?
Return to Rome after meeting with Cassius and Brutus
Delivers philippics
Unites senate in making Antony an enemy of Rome
Sends Hirtius and Pansa and Octavian to attack Antony
Letters to Plancus - governor of Gallia -"for most duty t break away from bad Romans"
213
What are Cicero's mistakes after Caesars assassination
```
Avoids Rome after assassination
Fails to advise Brutus on funeral speech
Gives Octavian propraetorian imperiumin his teens
Attempts to get rid of Octavian
Underestimates Octavian
Thinks Antony is the bigger threat
Lets Octavian get consulship aged twenty
```
214
Impacts of Cicero's execution
Cicero represents the senate therefore no more senatorial opposition
There is three hundred senators killed in the proscriptions
Second triumvirate has total control over Rome
Public turn on Antony for killing Cicero
Antony and Octavian have civil war and Antony commits suicide
215
Wo was Terentia
Cicero's wife
216
What did Terentia do for Cicero?
Possibly behind Cicero's prosecution of Clodius
Public protest Cicero exile
Financially ins dependent so helps Cicero get out of debt
Encourage Cicero to reconcile with ceasar after the war
Divorce n 46
217
Tullia
Daughter
218
Tullia relationship with Cicero
```
Very close
Uses her to advance politically
First two marriages for politics
Marries dolabella
Cicero delayed getting to pompeys camp due to birth of grandchild
Tullia died in childbirth
Cicero plunged into mourning
```
219
Marcus
Son
220
Curio
Aspiring young orator hence Cicero's relationship with him
Cicero tries to help hm politically
Curio massive debt leads hm t be dependent on Caesar
Curio one of the few people to call for peace between Caesar and Pompey's
One of few to disagree pub ally about the the first trimvirste
Dies during civil war
221
Caelius
Cicero referred to him as "the angry young man"
Attack the firs triumvirate
Passionate orator
Used m a s an informant of the political situation in Rome whilst he was in Cilicia therefore trusts him
Had high political ordeals
Executed for revolting against Caesar in 47BCE
