Classical and Operant Conditioning Flashcards
What is learning?
Learning is a process that is based on experience, and results in a relatively consistent change in either behaviour or behaviour potential
What is classical conditioning?
The learning of a new association between two previously unrelated stimuli
Define a reflex
Unlearned response elicited by stimuli that have a biological relevance for an organism. (i.e sneezing, blinking etc..)
Define unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Any stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response
Define unconditioned response (UCR)
The response naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
Define conditioned stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that is able to elicit a particular response after being paired (associated) with the UCS
Conditioned Response (CR)
The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
What is operant conditioning?
The process by which a behaviour becomes associated with its consequences. + The probability that a behaviour will occur is changed a change in its consequences
Thorndike’s Law of Effect 1927
Actions that subsequently lead to a ‘satisfying state’ of affairs are more likely to be repeated.
Define reinforcement
A stimulus (circumstance) that occurs after a behaviours and increases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future.
Define punishment
A stimulus (circumstance) that occurs after a behaviour and decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future.
What is positive reinforcement?
The presentation of a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour
What is negative reinforcement?
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour
What is positive punishment?
The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour
What is negative punishment?
The removal of a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour
