Classic Techniques : Flashcards
its making author/speaker seem credible, reliable, or relateable -
ethos
appeals to emotion (positive or negative).
it can be effective, but it can also be a manipulative thing.
ex. sad animal commercials
pathos
persuasion by reasoning or logic.
refers to the organization of the essay
ex. pointing out the benefits ; facts
logos
they are common errors in reasoning or logic -
false logics; seems like they make sense but don’t.
logical fallacies
what are 3 parts of the Toumlin Model -
claim
data
warrant
its the idea that author is trying to prove -
claim
examples and explanations offered as proof for argument -
data
connection between claim and data -
warrant
if A happens, then evntually through a series of small steps, through B,C, ……. Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z.
If we dont want Z to happen, then A most not be allowed to occur either -
Slippery SLope
this is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence.
you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts
hasty generalization
is based on an argument tht the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine is character, nature, or worth -
genetic fallcay
restates the argument rather than actually proving it -
circular argument
it oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only 2 sides or choices -
either / or
another name for either/or -
false dilemma
attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments -
ad hominem
emotional appeal that speaks to positive or negative concepts rather than the real issue at hand -
ad populum
another name for ad populum -
no true scotsman
it oversimplifies an opponents viewpoint and then attacks that hallow argument -
straw man
playing on fears of the audience by making it seem like something scary will happen if some proposition were accepted -
appeal to fear
what fallacy?
-“if we ban hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban hummers.” -
slippery slope
what fallacy?
“even though it’s only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course” -
hasty generalization
what fallacy?
“the volkswagon beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler’s army.” -
genetic fallacy
what fallacy?
“George bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively” -
circular argument
what fallacy?
“we can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.” -
either/or
what fallacy?
“green peace’s strategies aren’t effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies.”
ad hominem
what fallacy?
“if you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want”
ad populum
what fallacy?
“people who don’t support the proposed state minimum wage increase hate the poor.”
straw man
who was it developed by?
the greek philosopher, Aristole
fallacies can either be ____________ arguments OR ________ points
illegitimate
irrelevant
they lack evidence that supports their claim
fallacies
