Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

1
Q

> AFP in amniotic fluid / maternal serum

A

Dating error
Anencephaly
Spina bifida

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2
Q

Anti centromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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3
Q

Anti desmoglein (anti desmosome) antibodies

A

Pemphigous Vulgaris (blistering)

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4
Q

Anti histone antibodies

4

A

Drug induced SLE

  • hydralazine
  • isoniazid
  • phenytoin
  • procainamide
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5
Q

Anti IgG antibodies

Systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity

A

Rheumathoid arthritis

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6
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

PTI

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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7
Q

Anti-Topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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8
Q

Antibodies CELIAC DISEASE

3

A

Anti-gliadin
Anti-endomysial
Anti-transglutaminase

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9
Q

“Apple core” lesion on barium enema x-ray

A

Colorectal cancer (usually left side)

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10
Q

Atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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11
Q

“Bamboo spine” on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
(Chronic inflammatory arthritis)

HLA-B27

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12
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

-> splenectomy o no fx spleen

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13
Q

Basophilic stppling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning of Sideroblastic anemia

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14
Q

Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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15
Q

Branching gram+ rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces Israelii

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16
Q

⬇️ AFP in amniotic fluid/ maternal serum

A

Down Syndrome

Edwards Syndome

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17
Q

Large granules in phagocytes, inmunodeficiency

A

Chédiak-Higashi disease

🤐 congenital failure of phagolysosome formation

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18
Q

Recurrent infections , eczema, trombocytopenia

A

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

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19
Q

Optochin sensitivity

A

Sensitive: S pneumoniae

Resistant: S viridians S sanguis

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20
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitivity: S epidermidis

Resistant: S saprophyticus

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21
Q

Streptococcus Bovis bacteremia —> Ca

A

COLON CANCER

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22
Q

Branching gram ➕ rods with SULFUR GRANULES

A

Actinomyces israelii

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23
Q

Hiliar lymphadenopathy

Peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobe ( can ca+)

A

Ghon Complex

1* TB ( M bacilli)

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24
Q

“Thumb sign” on lateral neck x-ray

A

EPIGLOTITIS ( Haemophilus Influenzae)

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25
Q

Bacteria-covered vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” (Gardnerella Vaginalis)

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26
Q

CARDIOMEGALY w/ apical atrophy

A

Chagas’ disease. (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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27
Q

Atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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28
Q

Enlarged cells with intraNuclear Inclusion Bodies

A

“Owl eye” appearance of CMV

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29
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

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30
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV o VZV)

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31
Q

Eosinophilic gloube in Liver –> hepatocyte Apoptosis

A

Councilman body

Viral hepatitis, yellow fever

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32
Q

“Steeple” sign on frontal CXR ⛪️ -campanario-

A

CROUP ( parainfluenza virus)

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33
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampus and cerebellar neurons

A

NEGRI bodies of rabies

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34
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesion on CT/MRI in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii

CNS lymphoma

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35
Q

Psammoma bodies

Cancer…

A

Meningiomas
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Mesothelioma
Papillary serous Ca endometrium/ovary

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36
Q

“Delta wave” ECG
Short P-R interval
Supra ventricular tachycardia

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node

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37
Q

👢boot shaped –> ❤️ on X-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

Due to RVH

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38
Q

Rib notching

Inferior surface x-ray

A

Coarctation of the aorta

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39
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

ASCHOFF BODIES

rheumatic fever

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40
Q

Electrical alternans

Alternating AMPLITUDE ECG

A

Cardiac Taponade

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41
Q

ANCA

Anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

A

Microscopic polyangeitis & eosinophilic granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis ➡️ (MPO-ANCA / p-ANCA)

Granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis ➡️ (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA)

Primary sclerosing Cholangitis ➡️ (MPO-ANCA / p-ANCA)

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42
Q

HTA
⬇️ K+
Metabolic Alkalosis

A

1* HyperAldosteronism (Conn syndrome)

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43
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei w/ central clearing

A

“Orphan Annie” eyes nuclei
👁👧🏼
PAPILLARY carcinoma of the thyroid

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44
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

“Signet ring” 💍 gastric carcinoma

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45
Q

Celiac disease

Antibodies x3

A

Anti-Transglutaminase
Anti-Gliadin
Anti-Endomysial

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46
Q

“String sign” on barium x-ray

signo de la cuerda

A

Crohn disease

Narrowing of bowel Lumen

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47
Q

“Lead pipe” colon on abd imaging

Tubo de plomo

A

Ulcerative colitis

Loss of haustra

48
Q

Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis
AD
Mutation of APC gene

49
Q

“Apple core” lesion on barium enema x-ray

A

Colorectal cancer

Usually left-sided

50
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory body

OH- alcoholic liver disease

51
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease

Alcoholic or metabolic syndrome

52
Q

“Nutmeg” appearance of liver

Higado en nuez moscada

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to

  • right heart failure
  • Budd-Chiari syndrome
53
Q

AMAs

Anti mitochondrial antibodies

A

1* biliary Cholangitis

Female-cholestasis-portal hypertension

54
Q

⬇️ serum Cerurloplasmin

A

Wilson disease
Hepatocelular degeneration
Kaiser-Fleisher rings due to Cu+ accumulation

55
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis

Leading to migrating DVT & vasculitis

A

Trousseau syndrome

AdenoCa Pancreas or Lung

56
Q

“Hair on end” (“crew-cut”) x ray skull 💀

A

B- thalassemia

Sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)

57
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA

B12 deficiency –> neurological symptoms
Folate deficiency –> no neuro symptoms

58
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

PTI

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

59
Q

⬆️⬆️ D-dimers

A

DVT
PE
DIC

60
Q

Giant B cells with bi-lobed nuclei w/ prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye”)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

HODGKING LYMPHOMA

61
Q

Lytic (“punched-out”) bone lesions on x-ray

A

Multiple Myeloma

62
Q

Monoclonal antibody spike

A

Multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA)

Monoclonal gammopathy of undeterminated significance (MGUS) ~aging~

Waldenström ( M protein=IgM) macroglobulinemia

Primary Amyloidosis

63
Q

Stacks of RBC

Rouleaux formation

A

High ESR

Multiple myeloma

64
Q

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells w/ scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages “starry sky” histology

A

Burkitt lymphoma
t[8:14]. C-Myc activation
Asoc. EBV
“Starry sky” malignant cells

65
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase + granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblast

A

Auer rods (AML - promyelocitic M3 type-)

66
Q

WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

67
Q

🎾 tennis racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells)

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cells histicytosis)

68
Q

“Brown” tumor bone

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Or
Osteitis fibrosa cystica

(Deposited hemosiderin form hemorrhage)

69
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone ( generally benign)

70
Q

Raised periosteum

Creating a “Codman triangle”

A

Aggressive bone lesion

.. Osteosarcoma… Ewing sarcoma … Osteomyelitis..

71
Q

“Onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing sarcoma

Malignant small blue cell tumor

72
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

  • systemic inflammation
  • joint pannus
  • boutonnière
  • swan neck deformities
73
Q

Rheumatology
Rhomboid crystals
+ birefringent

A

Pseudogout

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals

74
Q

Rheumatology
Needle-shaped
- birefringent crystals

A

Gout

monosodium urate crystals

75
Q

⬆️ Uric Acid

4

A

Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Tumor lysis syndrome
Loop & thiazide diuretics

76
Q

“Bamboo spine” on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27
Chronic inflammatory arthritis

77
Q

Antinuclear antibodies

ANAs: anti-Smith & anti-dsDNA

A

SLE ( type III hypersensitivity)

78
Q

Anti-histone antibodies

A

Drug-induced SLE

Hydralazine
Isoniazid
Phenytoin
Procainamide

79
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse scleroderma

80
Q

Keratin pears on a skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

81
Q

Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture

A

Xantochromia–> subarachnoid hemorrhage

82
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neuron

A

Lewy body

  • Parkinson disease
  • Lewy body dementia
83
Q

Extra cellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer’s disease)

84
Q

Depigmentation of neurons in SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

A

Parkinson disease

Rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia

85
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons form hyper phosphorylation of Tau protein

A
Neurofibrillary tangles ( Alzheimer's disease)
Pick bodies ( Pick disease)
86
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of Tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies

Pick disease: progressive dementia & changes in personality

87
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

88
Q

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes

Neuroblastoma, Medulloblastoma

89
Q

“Waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

Chronic end-stage renal disease

90
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules

DBT Nephropathy-

91
Q

Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

A

Minimal change disease (child w/ nephrotic syndrome)

92
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane,

“dome-like” subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous Nephropathy

Nephrotic syndrome

93
Q

RBC. casts in urine

A

Glomerulonephritis

94
Q

“TRAM-TRACK” 🚊 appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulinephritis

95
Q

Anti -GBM glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome

- glomerulinephritis & hemoptysis

96
Q

Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule

A

Rapidly progressive (crescentric) glomerulonephritis

97
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy..

A

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually LUPUS)

98
Q

Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes

A

GOODPASTURE SYNDROME

99
Q

“Lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on inmunofluorescence

A

PostStreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Deposition of IgG, IgM and C3

100
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs)
&
Necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
–> Wegener; PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA

GOODPASTURE syndrome
–> anti-basement membrane antibodies

101
Q

Thyroid-like appearance of Kidney

A

Chronic pyelonephritis (recurrent infections)

102
Q

WBC cast in urine

A

Acute Pyelonephritis

103
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Intrinsic renal failure

104
Q

hCG ⬆️

A

Choriocarcinoma

Hydatidiform mole

105
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with “raisinoid” nuclei and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes

HPV–» risk cervical cancer

106
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)

107
Q

“Chocolate cyst” of the ovary 🍫

A

ENDOMETRIOSIS ( freq involves both ovaries)

108
Q

Mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

109
Q

Glomerulus-like structures surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

110
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumors)

111
Q

Thrombi made of withe/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn

-> arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBC

112
Q

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like, crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma

Charcot-Leyden crystals ; eosinophilic granules

113
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma –> can result in whorled mucous plugs)

114
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT

A

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

115
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

A

Cystic Fibrosis
AR
mut CFTR gene
Fat-soluble Vit def and mucous plugs

116
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies

Asbestosis - risk lung cancer

117
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor

A

Pancoast tumor

If compress cervical sympathetic chain -> Horner syndrome