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Boards High Yield > Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

1
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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2
Q

Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Pemphigus Vulgaris (blistering)

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3
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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4
Q

Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

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5
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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6
Q

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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7
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Vasculitis (c-ANCA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegener’s]; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss Syndrome)

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8
Q

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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9
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

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10
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse Systemic Scleroderma

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11
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac Disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)

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12
Q

“Apple core” lesion on abdominal x-ray

A

Colorectal Cancer (usually left-sided)

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13
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase-positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer Rods (acute myelogenous leukemia, especially the promyelocyts [M3] type)

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14
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive: S. pyogenes (group A); resistant: S. agalactiae (group B)

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15
Q

“Bamboo spine” on x-ray

A

Ankylosing Spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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16
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly Bodies (due to splenectomy or non-functional spleen)

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17
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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18
Q

Bloody tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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19
Q

“Boot shaped” heart on x-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

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20
Q

Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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21
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

Pancoast Tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner’s Syndrome)

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22
Q

“Brown” tumor of bone

A

Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)

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23
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas’ Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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24
Q

Cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule

A

Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

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25
Q

“Chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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26
Q

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Home-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

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27
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in the lung

A

Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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28
Q

Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down Syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality

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29
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

Tabes Dorsalis (tertiary syphilis), Subacute Combined Degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected)

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30
Q

Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s Disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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31
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann’s Spirals (bronchial asthma; can results in whorled mucous plugs)

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32
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner Bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

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33
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

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34
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

Owl’s Eye appearance of CMV

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35
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

A

Orphan Annie’s Eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

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36
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in the liver

A

Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)

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37
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (Parkinson’s Disease)

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38
Q

Eosinophilic globule in liver (extracellular)

A

Councilman Body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

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39
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells

A

Negri Bodies of rabies (Lyssavirus)

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40
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of the brain

A

Senile Plaques (Alzheimer’s Disease)

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41
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl’s eye)

A

Reed-Sternberg Cells (Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - CD30)

42
Q

Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval Bodies (yolk sac tumor)

43
Q

“Hair on end” (crew cut) appearance on x-ray

A

beta-Thalassemia,Sickle Cell Anemia (marrow expansion)

44
Q

hCG elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma, Hydatidiform Mole (occurs with and without embryo)

45
Q

Heart nodules

A

Aschoff Bodies (rheumatic fever)

46
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)

47
Q

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial Asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals; eosinophilic granules)

48
Q

High level of D-dimers

A

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

49
Q

Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesions in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon Complex (primary TB)

50
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

51
Q

Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

Tousseau’s Syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

52
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)

53
Q

Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn’s Syndrome

54
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)

55
Q

Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)

56
Q

Increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

57
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

58
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)

59
Q

Keratin pearls on skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

60
Q

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi Disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

61
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray

A

Ulcerative Colitis (loss of haustra)

62
Q

Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

63
Q

Low serum cerruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s Disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

64
Q

“Lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Poststreptococcal glomulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)

65
Q

Lytic (“hole punched”) bone lesions on x-ray

A
  • Multiple Myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)
  • Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging)
  • Waldenstrom’s (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia
  • Primary amyloidosis
66
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

67
Q

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

“String sign” (Crohn’s Disease)

68
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s; c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture’s Syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

69
Q

Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

70
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: s. epidermidis; Resistant: s. saprophyticus

71
Q

“Nutmeg” appearance of the liver

A

Chronic passive congestion of the liver due to right heart failure

72
Q

“Onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewin’s Sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

73
Q

Optochin response

A

Sensitive: s. pneumoniae; Resistant: Viridans strep

74
Q

Periosteum raised from bone creating triangular area

A

Codman’s Triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

75
Q

Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

A

Minimal Change Disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

76
Q

Polished, “ivory like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

77
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

A

Neurofibrillary Tangles (Alzheimer’s Disease) and Pick’s Bodies (Pick’s Disease)

78
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary

79
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

80
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

81
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke Crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

82
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

83
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

84
Q

Rib notching

A

Coarctation of the Aorta

85
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

86
Q

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages (“starry sky” histology)

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV;”black sky” made up of malignant cells)

87
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick Bodies (Pick’s Disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

88
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of the bone (usually benign)

89
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome like” subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous Glomerulopathy (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

90
Q

Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

91
Q

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue Cells” (Gardnerella vaginalis)

92
Q

“Tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: esoinophilic granuloma)

93
Q

Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

94
Q

“Thumb sign” on lateral x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (H. influenzae)

95
Q

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

96
Q

Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

97
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty Liver Disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

98
Q

“Waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

Chronic end-stage renal disease

99
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

Acute pyelonephritis

100
Q

WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

101
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscope

A

Lupus nephropathy

102
Q

Yellowish CSF

A

Xanthochromia (eg due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)

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