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Term 1 > Classic Cases 2 > Flashcards

Classic Cases 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Predominate Cation intracellular

A

Potassium

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2
Q

Predominate cation extracellularly

A

Sodium

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3
Q

Normal pH

A

7.35-7.45

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4
Q

Normal Na+ value

A

135 - 145 mmol

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5
Q

Normal K+ value

A

3.0- 5.0 mol

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6
Q

Normal H+ concentration

A

0.0004 mmol

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7
Q

Effect of acid on protein

A

Acid causes protein denaturing

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8
Q

Predominate extracellular buffer

A

Bicarbonate Buffer System

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9
Q

Formula for bicarbonate buffer system

A

CO2+H2O = H2CO3 = H+HCO3

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10
Q

What are hormones?

A

Amines & amino acids
Peptides, polypeptides, glycoproteins & proteins
Steroids
Fatty acid derivatives

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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
FSH
LH
Adrenochorticotropic(ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating (TSH)
Growth Hormone(GH)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone(MSH)
Prolactin
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12
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
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13
Q

Characteristics of adrenal insufficiency

A
  • decreased adernal cortex function

- decreased cortisol and aldosterone

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14
Q

What is Addison’s disease and symptoms

A
  • Primary adrenal insufficiency
  • Bronze pigmentation of skin
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Postural hypotension
  • weight loss
  • weakness
  • GI disturbances
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15
Q

what does decreased aldosterone result in

A

Increased urinary loss of sodium, chloride and water

Decreased excretion of potassium

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16
Q

what does decreased cortisol do in the body

A

Poor tolerance of stress
Hypoglycemia, lethargy, weakness, fever
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and weight loss

17
Q

What is secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

A lack of ACTH secretion from the pituitary, leading to a reduced production of cortisol

18
Q

What is addisonian crisis

A

Acute onset or worsening of primary adrenal insufficiency

19
Q

What is cushing’s syndrome

A

Hypercortisolism

20
Q

What are the 3 forms/causes of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Pituritary
Adrenal
Ectopic Cushing’s

21
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A 
Moon Face
HTN
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Buffalo Hump
Obesity
Abdominal Striae
Amenorrhea
Muscle Weakness
22
Q

Myxedema Coma and symptoms

A 
- Profound hypothyroidism
ALOC
Hypothermia
Hypoventilating
Hypoglycemia
Bradycardia
Decreased inotropy
Hyponatremia
23
Q

Hypothyroidism symptoms

A 
Hair loss
Enlarged thyroid
Dry, coarse skin
Cold extremities and swelling of limbs
Poor appetite
Slow heartrate
24
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism

A

Can result from lack of thyroid gland, abnormal synthesis or deficient TSH

25
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive delivery of T3 and T4 to tissues

Manifests as increased O2 consumption and use of metabolic fuels

26
Q

Thyroid Storm

A
  • Develops in a patient with longstanding untreated hyperthyroidism
  • Precipitated by infection, DKA or trauma
27
Q

What 3 things does insulin do

A
  • Promotes glucose uptake by target cells & provides for glucose storage as glycogen
  • Prevents fat and glycogen breakdown and inhibits gluconeogenesis
  • Increases protein synthesis
28
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Initiates glycogenolysis to raise glucose levels

Also increases transport of amino acids into the liver and stimulates conversion to glucose

29
Q

DKA

A

Occurs when ketone production exceeds cellular use and renal excretion

May often be the sentinel event leading to a diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes

30
Q

DKA presentation

A

Polyuria & polydipsia over 2 days is common
Nausea/vomiting
Abdominal pain and tenderness without co-occurring disease
Fatigue, progressing to unconsciousness
Hypotension and tachycardia
Kussmaul’s respirations

31
Q

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Syndrome(HHNK) Causes

A

May occur in:
T2DM
Acute pancreatitis
Severe infection

32
Q

HHNK presentation

A

Dehydration
Neurologic Compromise
Seizures, hemiparesis, aphasia, nystagmus, hallucinations
Excessive thirst
Generally progressive over days and may be mistaken for a stroke

33
Q

Causes of Seizures

A 
Vascular
Infection
Trauma/toxins
AV malformation 
Metabolic
Idiopathic 
Neoplasm

Term 1 (5 decks)

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