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KINE 3575 > Classes 1-4 > Flashcards

Classes 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of an injury?

A

Any occurrence, cause by various types of trauma that impairs tissue structure or function and thereby alters the cell’s ability to carry out its normal homeostatic mechanism
Any injury will cause the inflammatory response

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2
Q

Direct (Contact) definition

A

Occurs because of blood trauma; soft tissue and bony trauma with visceral implications, neurological implications
Ex. Football, Rugby, hockey, Lacrosse, basketball

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3
Q

Indirect (non-Contact) definition

A

Overuse/ Over stress injuries as a result of muscle imbalance; extension or hyperextension of muscles
Ex. Swimming, Tennis, Golf

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4
Q

Acute definition

A

Sudden on set or a short duration; has a known etiology; can be traumatic/overuse

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5
Q

Chronic definition

A

Injuries lasting longer than 6 weeks - 6months; small onsert and usually defined as -itis; pain subsides during injury (absent during exercise and present during rest/recovery periods)

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6
Q

Microtraumatic definition

A

Less inflammation but still present

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7
Q

Macrotraumatic definition

A

Larger scale injuries; significant inflammations

Ex. Fractures; sprains to ligaments, strains to tendons/muscle

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8
Q

Force definition

A

is a push or pull acting on the body which results in acceleration and//or deformation

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9
Q

Two primary factors determine the injury:

A
  • Size of the force

- Properties of the involved tissue

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10
Q

Response to Force: Steps

Graph

A

Elastic Region
Yield point
Plastic region

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11
Q

The elastic region is which part of the graph

A

Small load

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12
Q

Yield point is what exactly?

A

MAX load a material can handle without permanent deformation

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13
Q

Failure defined in lecture

A

forces such that loss of continuity, rupturing soft tissue or fracturing bone results

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14
Q

Three main forces causing the injury (comprehend from the chapter)

A

Compression
Tension
Shear

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15
Q

Force which produces a crushing or squeezing type of force resulting in soft tissue or bony injury; Fractures,

A

Compression

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16
Q

Forces that pulls or stretched tissue on bone in the opposite direction

A

Tension

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17
Q

Parallel to a plane passing through the object which tends to cause sliding or displacement

A

Shear

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18
Q

What three things is the inflammation response designed to do?

A

Protect, Localize, Rid

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19
Q

How does the body protect against the injury?

A

Pain reaction, pain spasm cycle

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20
Q

How does the body localize the injury?

A

Clotting, vasoconstriction

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21
Q

How does the body get rid of the injury?

A

phagocytosis, WBC, replace the damaged cells,

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22
Q

Can healing begin with the dead/injured cells remaining within the body?

A

NO! The inflammation has to heal and get rid go the old cells for effective healing to began

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23
Q

How long do inflammatory responses last?

A

40-78 hours normally

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24
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammatory response (characteristics)?

A 
Swelling; 
Heat; 
Altered function; 
Redness; 
Pain
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25
Q

Reasons for having heat in the inflammatory response?

A

Results of increase in blood volume in the region of the inflammatory response; use the back of the hand to feel the heat

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26
Q

What is the acute care response to inflammation?

A

RICE

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27
Q

How is the body altered as a result of inflammation?

A

Natural protective Mechanical; how they are holding the injured body part and the reason is to less stress on the injured structure, more room and decreased amount of tension on the injured structures; aka Closed Packed position

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28
Q

What is the closed packed position?

A

The way the injured body part is held; the reason is to less stress on the injured structure, more room and decreased amount of tension on the injured structures

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29
Q

What are the reasons for the pain to occur?

A
  • Chemical; released responses to the injured areas of the body (protective mechanism)
  • Mechanical; putting pressure on the free nerve ending causing pain
    Caused by anemia (lack of RBC)
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30
Q

Macrotraumatic injuries we talked about in class?

A 
Contusion
Sprains 
Strains 
Dislocations and Subluxations 
Nerve Injury 
Fractures
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31
Q

Contusions (hematoma, Burise)

A

Compression injury without breaking the skin; usually clotting caused by break in a blood vessel
Involve the soft tissue or bone

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32
Q

How are contusion cause?

A

Contusions are cause by direct trauma from an object or an opponent;

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33
Q

What happen under the skin in a contusion?

A

The compressive force will damage the underlying tissues or structures

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34
Q

Are contusion self limiting?

A

YES! Due to pain and healing depending on the degree of the damage they prevent movement of the injury area

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35
Q

Can contusion penetrate the bone?

A

Yes, they cause, bone bruise, Periostitis or Myositis Ossificans

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36
Q

Are there more pain receptor in the muscle or on the bone?

A

The bone

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37
Q

What is the medical term for a bruise?

A

Ecchymosis

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38
Q

Periostitis:

A

inflammation of the covering of a bone (the periosteum

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39
Q

How does periostitis occur?

A

Results from sport traumas

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40
Q

How does periostitis appear on the skin when palpating?

A

Often appears as skin rigid of the overlying muscle and bone

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41
Q

Shin Splints is a result of?

A

Periostitis (contusion)

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42
Q

Myositis Ossificans:

A

inflammatory disease of a muscle marked by a bony deposit within the muscle in response to trauma
ex. Linebacker’s exostosis

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43
Q

What is Traumatic ossification referred to as?

A

Myositis ossificans

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44
Q

Where is the only place you will detect the myositis ossifican?

A

In an x-ray that separated the bone from the dark mass

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45
Q

The steps leading to myositis ossifican:

A
  1. Contusion
  2. Penetrating the bone tearing the periosteum
  3. Leading to myositis ossifican
  4. Calcificatin of the soft tissue may be seen in x-rays
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46
Q

Ecchymosis definition

A

the escape of blood into the tissue from ruptured blood vessels

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47
Q

What is this term applied?

A

Applies to subcutaneous discolouration resulting from the seepage of blood within the contused tissue

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48
Q

Sprains definition

A

occur to the ligaments and ligaments are found in joints by overstretching and tearing of the supporting connective tissue including the joint capsule and supporting ligaments

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49
Q

What is a ligament made of?

A

Mostly Collagen and elastin (strong fibrous connective tissue); have a hard end point

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50
Q

What is the role of ligaments in a joint?

A

They act as breaks for the joints; they join bone to bone preventing abnormal movements of a joint

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51
Q

Type of ligaments found (3)?

A
  • Collateral ligaments: on the side of the joint
  • Cross ligament: They cross the joint prevent forward or backward movement (anterior and posterior)
  • Lateral collateral: found on the outside of the joint of a joint
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52
Q

How to grade sprains (large vs small ligaments)?

A

First way: mild/moderate/severe
Larger ligaments: mild/moderate/severe
Smaller ligaments: The number of the ligament torn (1/2/3)

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53
Q

What is the etiology of a sprain?

A

Direct/indirect trauma causing stress on the sprain

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54
Q

Joint classification:

A

Synarthrotic (cranial bones): non-moveable
Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable): vertebrae joints
Diarthrotic (freely moveable): synovial joints

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55
Q

Joint characteristics:

A 
Ligaments, through of outside the joint 
Arterial supply 
Nerve supply 
Bursa: sac filled with fluid 
Ephyseal plate: at the end of a long bone 
Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) 
 Meniscus
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56
Q

What are inert structures?

A

Ligaments, joint capsule, bone; there are no contractile properties
Muscle and tendon are contractile

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57
Q

Atheros refers to?

A

refers to a joint

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58
Q

Effusion define

A

Swelling within a joint with minimal to no bleeding

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59
Q

Edema

A

the swelling in the soft tissue usually with the absence of blood

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60
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

Bleeding and swelling within a joint

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61
Q

How to differentiate between a hemarthrosis and effusion?

A

Pop-swelling (immediately); effusion come later on

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62
Q

Hematoma

A

swelling and bleeding within soft tissue, organ, bone

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63
Q

Differentiating between edema and hematoma?

A

The discolouration is present in hematoma with the swelling; absent on edema (only swelling)

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64
Q

S&S of 1st degree sprain?

A
  • Micro Tear
  • Slight is any swelling
  • Transitory pain at the time of injury (able to perform)
  • Mild point tenderness (size of dime)
  • Little to no discolouration (ecchymosis)
  • Transitory loss of function primarily due to SHARP
  • Stress of ligament causes pain but little laxity
65
Q

S&S of 2degree sprain?

A
  • Partial tear
  • moderate to severe swelling
  • Moderate to severe pain
  • Localiazed tenderness (size of a quarter)
  • Ecchymosis
  • Loss of function
  • Stress of ligament causes pain and some degree of laxity but with a stoppage or “end feel”
66
Q

S&S of 3rd degree sprain?

A
  • Complete Rupture
  • Moderate to severe swelling
  • Severe pain at time of injury/no pain
  • Diffuse palpable tenderness
  • Ecchymosis
  • Loss of function
  • Stress of ligaments show complete loss of joint stability
    Hear a pop-> immediate swelling
67
Q

What are Strains?

A

Trauma occurring to the muscle and tendons from an excessive forcible contraction or overstretch; pulling of a muscle

68
Q

What is the etiology of a strain?

A
  • contraction
  • Overstretch
  • Chronic Overuse (tendonitis
69
Q

SS of 1st degree strain?

A 
Slight swelling 
Pain is localized 
Slight loss of strength (contractile structure) 
Slight loss of ROM 
Little to no Ecchymosis
70
Q

SS of 2nd Degree strain?

A 
Measurable swelling
Indefinable pain (more general) 
Moderate loss of strength (strength is graded); Kendle Scale 
Moderate loss of ROM 
Ecchymosis visible
71
Q

Ss of 3rd degree strain?

A 
Visible, apparent swellling 
Severe pain 
Complete loss of strength 
Complete loss of ROM/Excessive motion 
Ecchymosis 
Muscle bunching 
Hear a snap at the time of injury
72
Q

Four parameters to evaluate Strains:

A

Circumference
Extensibility; stretch gentle (bilateral)
Contractibility; muscle grading (0-5)
Palpation; 5Ts

73
Q

How is manual muscle testing done?

A 
isometric; done in midrange 
bilaterally; unaffected side first 
Begin and end the pressure slowly 
Stabilize the joint 
Instruction “meet my resistance”
Grade the strength
74
Q

What are the 5Ts of palpation?

A 
Temperature 
Texture; grind in the muscle 
Tenderness 
Tone (spasm) 
Trigger points
75
Q

Circumference definition

A

The measurements of Girth and swelling at and around a joint and muscle

76
Q

What is circumference used for?

A

Setting the baseline for the joint and the muscle

77
Q

How is contractibility and extensibility tested?

A

Bilaterally

78
Q

Degree of pain and restriction is measured in?

A

Extensibility

79
Q

Contractibility is measures through?

A

The EMG machine

80
Q

What is isometric contraction used for?

A 
Strains 
Detecting tendonitis 
Never injuries (central/peripheral)
81
Q

Dislocation definition

A

results from forces causing the joint to go beyond the joints normal anatomical limits

82
Q

Subluxations are?

A

partial dislocation which is spontaneously reduced

83
Q

First time dislocations should always be considered fractures (T/F)

A

True

84
Q

PNS nerve injury

A

Sensory: Numbness, tingling, loss of sensation
Motor: weakness, pain

85
Q

CNS nerve Injury

A

Smells, taste, hearing, sight, pain

86
Q

How do entrapment of never occur?

A

Traction,
compression,
lacerations and
degeneration with or without sign and symptoms; can result in muscle atrophy

87
Q

Nerve classification of nerve injury depend on the degree of damage (T/F).

A

True

88
Q

What are ostiofites?

A

Bone Foist

89
Q

Plexus injury is termed as ______

A

Plexopathy

90
Q

Never root injury is called _______

A

Radiculopathy

91
Q

Peripheral injury are called _______

A

Neuropathies

92
Q

What are the cause of a compressed nerve?

A

Scar tissue can compress the nerves
Osteopathy
Trauma
Disk-herniation

93
Q

Nerve injury classification

A

Neuropraxia, Axonotmesis, Neurotmesis

94
Q

Neuropraxia cause

A 
1st degree 
Axon remain interacted 
Scar tissues (repeated nerve injury)
95
Q

SS of Neuropaxia

A

Tingling,
weakness and
atrophy (prolonged compression)

96
Q

Axonotmesis cause

A

2nd degree
Axon damaged
Epi and Perineurium remian interacted
Temporary paralysis; can get 80% back

97
Q

How long does it take to recover from Axonotmesis?

A

Months- years

98
Q

Neurotmesis cause

A 
3rd degree 
Severance of nerve 
60% loss of nerve 
Everything GONE 
Axon, myelin and connective tissue 
Can only get 30-40% back
99
Q

Fractures is symbolized as a # sign (T/F)

A

True

100
Q

Fracture definition

A

complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of an excessive external force

101
Q

Traumatic fracture

A

can cause the loss of continuity of bone and can be either partial or complete

102
Q

Stats of fractures:

A

Up to age 50 men suffer more fractures

Women suffer more due to falls, osteopenia, osteoporosis

103
Q

Epiphysis: covered with articular cartilage (T/F)

A

True. it is articulated with other bones

104
Q

Diaphysis contains the medullary cavity which is filled with marrow (T/F)

A

True

105
Q

Type of Marrow?

A

red marrow forms the platelets and Red and White blood cells
Yellow marrow- stores fat

106
Q

Apophasis

A

bone bumps

107
Q

The function of an apophysis?

A

Site of attachment for a various structure such as ligaments and tendons

108
Q

Fracture only occur to a few types of bones (T/F)

A

False. They can occur to any bone

109
Q 
Simple or complex 
Partial or complete 
Union of bone 
Closed Fracture: under the skin 
Open fracture: bone protruding through the skin 
 are example of what type of fractures?
A

General Classification of Fractures

110
Q 
Good union 
Non union 
Mal union (ORIF) 
Delated union 
These 4 are defined from which general classification?
A

Union of bone

111
Q

What is ORIF?

A

Open Reduction/ Internal Fixation

112
Q

When is an ORIF performed?

A

Mal union of the bone; comminuted fracture and

Salter-Harris (3/4)

113
Q

The specific type of fracture:

A 
Transvers 
Oblique 
Spiral; soccer (ciliates)
Comminuted; ORIF 
Avulsion (pre-adolescents) 
Impact or Burst (compression/ load fractures) 
Greenstick fractures 
Stress (may not be seen on x-rays)l; bone scan; weight bearing bones 
Growth plate (Salter/Harris)
114
Q

Salter Harris fractures detected near?

A

The growth plate

115
Q

Which of the growth plate fracture well for growth plate healing?

A

Type 1 & Type 2

116
Q

Which are the worst to heal and require ORIF?

A

Types 3 and Type 4

117
Q

When do have a loss of shock absorption in the muscle?

A

When the stress on the muscle is overloaded and muscle is fatigued results in bone bearing the weight of the muscle

118
Q

Reasons for uses of x-rays to detect fractures?

A

Rule out fractures following soft tissue injury
Identify the type of fracture present; the union of the bone
Used as a baseline for the stages of healing
Stress Fractures
For bone loss to be evident or X-ray; 30-35% bone loss; bone density
Bone scan, CT scan and MRI

119
Q

Fracture assessments

A 
deformity 
Swelling 
Crepitus 
Direct/indirect tenderness 
False joint? 
Shortened Limb
120
Q

What is crepitus?

A

The grinding sensation of the fractured bone; can be felt in a tendon or a muscle

121
Q

Why is a tuning fork is used?

A

To reproduce the pain

122
Q

Complication of fractures

A 
Improper healing 
Improper alignment 
Ostrochondritis Dissecans: 
Myossitis Ossificans 
Osteomyelitis: high risk of infection and condition
123
Q

Myossitis ossificans is a result of joint locking from a fragmented cartilage or bone (T/F)

A

False. Ostrochondritis Dissecans causes joint locking from a fragmented bone

124
Q

Joint Mice; common in knee, elbow and ankle (T/F)

A

True

125
Q

The floating bone fragment can cause clicking or lock the affected joint resulting in a ‘Springy Block’ end feel (T/f)

A

True

126
Q

Greenstick is a condition that occurs as the high risk of infection from a open fracture (T/F)

A

False. Osteomyelitis is an open fracture there is a high risk of infection

127
Q

Osteomyelitis is not rare, it is a common fracture (T/F)

A

False. It is rare

128
Q

Ways bone can be infected?

A

Infection in one part of the body may spread through the bloodstream into the bone, or an open fracture or surgery may expose the bone to infection

129
Q

Staph bacteria causes what type of conditions?

A

Staphylococcus

130
Q

X-rays help with the healing (T/F).

A

True.

131
Q

Small bones take 6-8 weeks to heal while long bones take 3 weeks to heal (T/F)

A

False. Long take 6-8, small take 3 weeks for proper immobilization

132
Q

Ottawa Ankle Rules

A

Distal Malleolar region
Base of the Fifth Metatarsal (Jone’s Fracture)
Navicular bone
Unable to weight bear both immediately following the injury and in the emergency department afterwards

133
Q

Microtrauma injuries occur because

A

repetitive overload/ friction resistance injury

134
Q

Force Cause Overuse in microtruamatic injuries

A

Frictional
Tractional
Cycle Loading (Etiology of stress fracture)

135
Q 
\: affects tissue or bone 
Impingement leads to loss of function (IT band friction syndrome) 
Bony pathology (Patello-femoral pain syndrome: lock knee)
A

Friction Force

136
Q

involves soft tissue or bony tissue
Plantar Fasciitis
Osgood Schlatter’s Disease (apophysis)

A

Tractional forces

137
Q

Tendonitis

A

inflammation of collagen protein

138
Q

Tendinopathy

A

degenration of collagen protein

139
Q

Tendonosis

A

no significant inflammation but is progression of tendonitis

140
Q

SS of Tendonitis?

A

Pain & point tenderness (self limiting)
Local thickening of the tendon
Crepitus
Tendon tear in 4 stages

141
Q

What are the Tendinosis stages?

A
  1. Symptoms of pain/ discomfort/ no performance disability
  2. Symptoms during activity initially causing no performance but processing to vary degrees of disability
  3. Symptoms during after activity with persistent performance disability
  4. Symptoms all of the time
142
Q

Etiology of Tendonitis

A

Excessive overuse of tendon
Direct trauma to the tendon
Excessive friction over the joint

143
Q

inflammation of the bursa (small sac containing synovial fluid)

A

Bursitis

144
Q

Cause of Bursitis?

A

Repetitive movement and frictional forces leading to pain and swelling

  • Chronic irritation (overuse)
  • Direct trauma
  • Calcium deposits
  • Infection
145
Q

Acute bursitis needs healing and if this does not happen, it can lead to secondary thickening and scar tissues in the burial walls (T/F)

A

True

146
Q

Bursitis commonly occurs in the shoulders, elbows, knees and ankle (T/F)

A

False. Not in ankles

147
Q

Bursitis is most common in saddle joints (T/F)

A

True

148
Q

Tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of the tendon and the fluid

149
Q

SS of tenosynovitis include:

A

Pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the particular joint where the tendon inflammation occurs

150
Q

De Quervani’s is a synovitis (T/F)

A

False: It is Tenosynovitis

151
Q

Myositis

A

inflammation of the muscle tissue

152
Q

Myositis occurs from:

A

Injury, infection or autoimmune disease

153
Q

Bursitis occurs due to autoimmune disease (T/F)

A

False. Myositis occur due to autoimmune disease

154
Q

Fasciitis

A

inflammation of the fascia

155
Q

Role of a fascia?

A

Separated and supports muscles, tendons, blood vessels and nerves

156
Q

Capsulitis

A

Chronic inflammation of the joint capsule

157
Q

Capsulitis occur most commonly in _____ and _____ due to repeated joint sprains or micro traumas

A

toes and shoulders

158
Q

Synovitis is the inflammation of the membrane lining the _____

A

Joint

159
Q

Chronic synovitis involves chronic _____ pain and ______ (dimple), it is associated with capsulitis.

A

Joint and edema

KINE 3575 (1 decks)

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