class three Flashcards
Form and Function As a Unity
Adequate form and function of all segments are basic requirements for meaningful utterances in any language.
Distinctive Features Theories
“A distinctive feature is any property that separates a subset of element from a group” (Blache, 1978, p. 56).
Distinctive features in phonology create a distinction between the sounds we use in speech.
Distinctive sound features
Demonstrate similarities and dissimilarities among phonemes.
A binary system is used.
(+) indicates the presence of certain features
(-) indicates the absence of certain features
Two sound segments are considered distinct and can serve as phonemes if at least one of their features is different.
The Sound Patterns of English
Describes five features that establish and distinguish among phonemes
1-Major class features
2-Cavity features
3-Manner of articulation features
4-Source features
5-Prosodic features - (we will not learn these)
Sonorant
Open vocal tract configuration promoting voicing.
General American English (GAE):Vowels, Nasals, and Approximants [ɹ ] and [l] .
Consonantal:
Sounds produced with a high degree of oral obstruction
Plosives, Fricatives, Affricates, Approximants [ɹ ] and [l], and Nasals.
Approximants
Sounds produced with oral obstruction not higher than required for the high vowels [i] and [u ]
Vowels and Approximants [l] and [r]
Coronal
: Blade of the tongue raised from its neutral position.
[t], [d], [s], [z]. [n], and [l].
Anterior-
Sounds produced in the frontal region of the oral cavity with the alveolar ridge being the posterior border
1-labial, dental, and alveolar consonants
Cavity Features: Place of Articulation
3) Nasal: open nasal passageway-[m], [n], and [ŋ].
4) Lateral: lowered lateral rim portions of the tongue- GAE-[l]
5) High- high tongue position
6) Low- low tongue position
7) Back- Retracted body of the tongue (back vowels, velars)
8) Round- Lip rounding [w]
Continuant:
: sounds produced without hindering the airstream with any blockages in the oral cavity.
1-Vowels, fricatives, and approximants are [+continuants]
2-Plosives, nasals, and affricates are [-continuants].
Delayed release-
Sounds produced with a slow release of a total obstruction within the oral cavity.
1-Affricates such as [ʧ] and [ʤ] are [+delayed release].
Generative phonology phonology talks about two levels of sound representation:
Surface-level representations: the actual productions (what the child produced)
Deep structure: Abstract underlying ‘features’ of such production
Naturalness and Markedness: Chomsky and Halle (1968)
Toddlers tend to make similar substitutions; this makes us think that some speech sounds are easier than others
Certain phonemes are more natural, more common across different languages; these phonemes are labeled unmarked.
Marked phonemes are more difficult to produce and occur less often in languages across the world.
Implicational Universals
Theoretically speaking the if the child produces a marked (hard) sound (X) this implies that he/she should be able to produce a more unmarked/natural (easy) speech sound (Y)
The presence of X implies Y.
Cannot be turned around.
