Class quizzes Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following binds with the nucleotide base termed A?
A. G
B. T
C. None
A
B. T
2
Q
Which of the following would be a strong electrolyte? A. H2 B. C6H6 C. NaBr D. CH3Cl
A
C. NaBr
3
Q
During intron splicing which of the follow is true?
A. The 3’ splice site is cleaved first then the 5’ splice site is cleaved
B. The 5’ splice site is cleave and intron splicing is complete
C. Small ribonuclearproteins bind on the 3’splice site and a lariat loop structure is formed
D. Small ribonuclearproteins bind on the 5’splice site and a lariat loop structure is formed
A
D. Small ribonuclearproteins bind on the 5’splice site and a lariat loop structure is formed
4
Q
When 5’-ATGCGTTAG-3’ is transcribed the product is A. 3’-TACGCAATC-5’ B. 5’-TACGCAATC-3’ C. 5’-UACGCAAUC-3’ D. 3’-UACGCAAUC-5’
A
D. 3’-UACGCAAUC-5’
5
Q
The reason introns must be removed from the tRNA is because
A. Introns form in the P arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
B. Introns form in the acceptor arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
C. Introns form in the D arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
D. Introns form in the anticodon arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
A
D. Introns form in the anticodon arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
6
Q
An unknown species of bacteria was analyzed and its genome was sequenced. Its full genomic sequence was determined to have 15% A and 35% G. Given this information, what is true about the organism’s genome? A. The organism most likely has 35 % C B. The organism most likely has 85 % T C. none D. The organism most likely has 65 % C
A
A. The organism most likely has 35 % C
7
Q
Which molecule would have the strongest tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other identical molecules? A. C2H6 B. CH4 C. NH3 D. H2
A
C. NH3
8
Q
On a nucleotide the nitrogenous base is connected to the ribose sugar by which type of bond A. Hydrogen bond B. Glycosidic bond C. Ionic bond D. Peptide bond
A
B. Glycosidic bond
9
Q
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a strong acid that will __________ when placed in water.
A. Leave some molecules of HCl behind and break off into H+ and Cl-
B. Partially dissociate
C. Be concerned that we are concerned about this question
D. Completely dissociate
A
D. Completely dissociate
10
Q
Which of the following is a nonpolar amino acid? A. Leu B. None C. Cys D. Trp
A
A. Leu
11
Q
Which of the following binds with the nucleotide base termed C? A. A B. U C. T D. G
A
D. G
12
Q
When 5’-ATGCGTTAG-3’ is replicated the product is A. 3’-TACGCAATC-5’ B. 5’-UACGCAAUC-3’ C. 5’-TACGCAATC-3’ D. 3’-UACGCAAUC-5’
A
A. 3’-TACGCAATC-5’
13
Q
The region of DNA where transcription is initiated is the A. Hairpin site B. Rho binding site C. Polly A tail D. Promotor binding site
A
D. Promotor binding site
14
Q
All of the following except which are domains in the three domain tree of life. A. Bacteria B. Eukaryotes C. m. Euglena D. Archaea
A
C. m. Euglena
15
Q
Amino acids can be all but which of the following? A. Nonpolar B. Ionic C. Polar D. Charged
A
B. Ionic
16
Q
In replication, on the strand of DNA that is not continuously replicated
A. Is called the leading strand
B. Single stranded binding proteins do not bind
C. Is called the replication bubble
D. Fragments called Okazaki fragments are synthesized
A
D. Fragments called Okazaki fragments are synthesized
17
Q
Which of the following binds with the nucleotide base termed T? A. C B. A C. None D. G
A
B. A
18
Q
The following are types of intermolecular forces except A. Dipole-dipole forces B. Hydrogen bonding C. Helium bonding D. Ion-dipole forces
A
C. Helium bonding
19
Q
Tertiary protein structure is determined by all of the following except A. Disulfide bonding B. Hydrophobic interactions C. Hydrogen bonding D. Phosphodiester bonding
A
D. Phosphodiester bonding
20
Q
The majority of our ATP is made in the A. Endoplasmic Reticulum B. Lysosome C. Nucleus D. Mitochondria
A
D. Mitochondria
21
Q
The amino acids are connected together by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to produce the primary proteins structure. A. Peptide bonds B. Hydrogen bonds C. Glycosidic bonds D. Carbon bonds
A
A. Peptide bonds
22
Q
A silencer will A. Decrease transcription B. None C. Stimulate more replication bubbles D. Increase transcription
A
A. Decrease transcription
23
Q
Which of the following is a polar amino acid? A. Val
B. Ser
C. Ile
D. Phe
A
B. Ser
24
Q
The backbone of the DNA molecule is held together by which type of bond A. Phosphodiester bond B. Hydrogen bond C. Glycosidic bond D. Peptide bond
A
A. Phosphodiester bond
25
```
An enhancer will
A. Increase transcription
B. None
C. Inhibit RNA polymerase binding
D. Decrease transcription
```
A. Increase transcription
26
```
How many water molecules would be produced by connecting six individual amino acids to form a hexapeptide?
A. 7
B. 6
C. 5
D. 3
```
C. 5
27
```
A buffer will _____ a pH change when an acid or base is added.
A. Resist
B. Decrease
C. Encourage
D. Increase
```
A. Resist
28
```
Which is the smallest of the 20 biologically active amino acids?
A. Ala
B. Phe
C. Gly
D. Lys
```
C. Gly
29
```
A strong electrolyte will
A. Remain intact
B. Cause itching
C. Partially dissociate
D. Dissociate completely
```
D. Dissociate completely
30
```
All are types of RNA except for which
A. Lysosomal RNA
B. Ribosomal RNA
C. Transfer RNA
D. Messenger RNA
```
A. Lysosomal RNA
31
Which is true about replication
A. There is only one point of replication initiation in eukaryotes
B. The leading strand is synthesized in a continuous fashion and the lagging strand is not
C. Topoisomerase unwinds the DNA
D. Primases lay down primers on the leading strand
B. The leading strand is synthesized in a continuous fashion and the lagging strand is not
32
```
A nucleotide is composed of all except
A. Nitrogenous base
B. Carboxyl group
C. Phosphate group
D. Ribose sugar
```
B. Carboxyl group
33
With respect to B-DNA the A-DNA will have
A. Less base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
B. Less base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
C. More base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
D. More base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
C. More base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
34
```
Which species of RNA is responsible for the transport of individual amino acids during protein synthesis?
A. mRNA
B. rRNA
C. tRNA
D. qRNA
```
C. tRNA
35
```
Two strands of DNA are held together by which type of force
A. Peptide bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Glycosidic bond
D. Phosphodiester bond
```
B. Hydrogen bond
36
```
DNA can be methylated anywhere but to affect gene transcription there are more methylation sites on the
A. Polly A tail
B. Gene
C. Start codon
D. Promoter
```
D. Promoter
37
```
The cellular compartment that moves completed proteins and lipids around in the cell is
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus
```
C. Golgi apparatus
38
The central dogma of biology is
A. RNA is transcribed to DNA which is translated to protein
B. Protein is transcribed to RNA with is translated to DNA
C. DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein
D. RNA is transcribed to DNA which is translated to protein
C. DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein
39
```
Which of the following types of DNA is the most common
A. B-DNA
B. A-DNA
C. C-DNA
D. Z-DNA
```
A. B-DNA
40
The following are unique qualities of water except
A. Solid water is more dense than liquid water
B. Polar structure
C. High specific heat
D. Weak electrolyte
A. Solid water is more dense than liquid water
41
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is a folded up throughout the organelle because A. It provides torsional relief so proteins moving in the membrane do not get stuck
B. It results in smaller surface area so less energy is used to synthesize the membrane
C. It provides space for proteins to dock
D. It results in a greater surface area for ATP synthesis
D. It results in a greater surface area for ATP synthesis
42
With respect to B-DNA the Z-DNA will have
A. Less base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
B. More base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
C. More base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
D. Less base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
A. Less base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
43
```
Which of the following require additional RNA processing
A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. All of the above
D. rRNA
```
C. All of the above
44
```
What is the pOH of a 0.3 M solution of NaOH?
A. 0.01
B. 0.52
C. 0.99
D. 0.82
```
B. 0.52
45
```
Eukaryotes have a specific sequence in there promoter which is
A. ATG
B. Multiple adenines in a row
C. A TATA box
D. A -35 and -10 site
```
C. A TATA box
46
```
The pyrimidines are ________ and ________.
A. Thymine...Cytosine
B. Cytosine...Guanine
C. Thymine...Adenine
D. Uracil....Adenine
```
A. Thymine...Cytosine
47
```
The organelle that is involved in protein digestion is the
A. Microtubule
B. Peroxisome
C. Cytosol
D. Lysosome
```
D. Lysosome
48
On the pH scale a pH between 0 – 6 is _____ and a pH between 8 – 9 is _______. A. Acidic...basic
B. Basic...acidic
C. Anionic...cationic
D. Cationic...anionic
A. Acidic...basic
49
```
At which pH would a buffer with a pKa of of 4.73 work well?
A. 13.2
B. 3.76
C. 7.99
D. 0.22
```
B. 3.76
50
```
In proteins and lipids hydrophobic parts will bind with
A. DNA
B. Other hydrophilic parts
C. Water
D. Other hydrophobic parts
```
D. Other hydrophobic parts
51
```
Which type of enzyme would break a six carbon molecule into two three carbon molecules?
A. Hydrolase
B. Ligase
C. Lyase
D. Isomerase
```
D. Isomerase
52
```
Which type of enzyme typically breaks down a disaccaride
A. Ligase
B. Isomerase
C. Hydrolase
D. Transferase
```
C. Hydrolase
53
Water soluble vitamins are less toxic than fat soluble vitamins because
A. excess of the vitamin is not stored in the body as easily as fat soluable vitamins
B. excess of the vitamin is stored in the body while fat soluable vitamins are not stored in the body
C. it's just what they do
D. there is no possible way to have excess of a water soluable vitamin in the body
A. excess of the vitamin is not stored in the body as easily as fat soluable vitamins
54
```
If the concentration of substrate increases from 1 molar to 2 molar and the rate of the reaction increases from 1 M/s to 4 M/s what is the order of the reaction?
A. Third order
B. Second order
C. Zero order
D. First order
```
B. Second order
55
```
An enzyme is primarily composed of
A. Sugars
B. Amino acids
C. Phenyl rings
D. Nucleic acids
```
B. Amino acids
56
```
_____________ enzymes do not obey Michaelis-Menton kinetics.
A. Inactive
B. Chiral
C. Allosteric
D. Hydrophobic
```
C. Allosteric
57
```
Cholecalciferol is which vitamin
A. D2
B. B2
C. B3
D. D3
```
D. D3
58
```
An enzyme __________ a reaction rate by _________ the activation energy.
A. Increases...lowering
B. Lowers...lowering
C. Increases...increasing
D. Lowers...increasing
```
A. Increases...lowering
59
```
All of the following are examples of cofactors except
A. Minerals
B. Vitamins
C. Some metals
D. Glucose
```
D. Glucose
60
```
Which kind of enzyme would be able to regulate another enzyme through the transfer of a phosphate group?
A. Regulase
B. Kinase
C. Protease
D. None
```
B. Kinase
61
```
Racemase and Epimerase are in which enzyme category?
A. Hydrolase
B. Ligase
C. Transferase
D. Isomerase
```
D. Isomerase
62
```
Phylloquinone is which vitamin?
A. D2
B. K2
C. K1
D. D1
```
C. K1
63
```
Tocopherols are which vitamin?
A. K
B. A
C. B
D. E
```
D. E
64
```
Thiamine is which vitamin?
A. B2
B. B4
C. B1
D. B3
```
C. B1
65
```
Kinases, Aminotransferases and Acytltransferases are all types of which enzyme class?
A. Hydrolases
B. Transfases
C. Isomerases
D. Oxidoreductases
```
B. Transfases
66
```
Ergocalciferol is which vitamin
A. B2
B. D3
C. D2
D. B3
```
C. D2
67
```
If a client presents with bleeding diathesis which vitamin would you recommend?
A. A
B. D
C. E
D. K
```
D. K
68
```
Ascorbic acid is another name for which vitamin
A. K
B. E
C. C
D. B
```
C. C
69
Which of the following statements about enzymes or their function is true
A. Enzymes are proteins whose three-dimensional form is key to their function
B. Enzymes do not alter the overall change in free energy for a reaction
C. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
D. All of these are true
D. All of these are true
70
```
An overdose of which vitamin can lead to muscle relaxation
A. B2
B. B1
C. B4
D. B3
```
B. B1
71
```
Overdose of which vitamin leads to congestive heart failure?
A. A
B. E
C. D
D. K
```
B. E
72
```
Which type of enzyme adds a phosphate group from ATP to a molecule of fructose
A. Lyase
B. Transferase
C. Isomerase
D. Ligase
```
B. Transferase
73
```
Which type enzyme is responsible for joining the backbone of DNA?
A. Lyase
B. Ligase
C. Hydrolase
D. Isomerase
```
B. Ligase
74
```
If a client is presenting with rickets which vitamin would you recommend the client to take?
A. C
B. A
C. B
D. D
```
D. D
75
```
Which type of enzyme utilizes water to break bonds?
A. Lyase
B. Hydrolases
C. Transferase
D. Isomerase
```
B. Hydrolases
76
```
Increased absorption of calcium is linked to which vitamin?
A. A
B. D
C. B2
D. C
```
B. D
77
```
Overdose of which vitamin will mask B12 deficiency?
A. B7
B. B9
C. B5
D. B6
```
B. B9
78
```
An enzyme that catalyses the reduction of NAD+ to NADH of a substrate is which type of enzyme?
A. Lyase
B. Isomerase
C. Oxidoreductase
D. Trasferase
```
C. Oxidoreductase
79
```
Retinols are which type of vitamin
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin K
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin A
```
D. Vitamin A
80
```
All are true about ligases except
A. They repair DNA breaks
B. They create carbon-carbon bonds
C. They add phosphate groups
D. They require energy
```
C. They add phosphate groups
81
```
Which vitamin is a cofactor in collagen synthesis?
A. A
B. E
C. C
D. B
```
C. C
82
```
Question 35
Which vitamin is pantothenic acid
A. B6
B. B5
C. B2
D. B3
```
B. B5
83
```
If a client presents with pellagra which vitamin would you recommend?
A. B5
B. B2
C. B6
D. B3
```
D. B3
84
```
Which type of enzyme will move a double bond from one carbon to another carbon in a five carbon molecule?
A. Ligase
B. Lyase
C. Isomerase
D. Hydrolase
```
C. Isomerase
85
```
Oxygenases, dehydrogenases, peroxidases and hydrozylases are all examples of which type of enzyme?
A. Hydrolases
B. Isomerases
C. Oxidoreductases
D. Lyases
```
C. Oxidoreductases
86
```
Which vitamin enhances absorption of various metals such as, Mg, Fe and Ca?
A. E
B. A
C. K
D. D
```
D. D
87
```
Which type of enzyme typically breaks or forms carbon carbon bonds
A. Oxidoreductases
B. Hydrolase
C. Isomerases
D. Lyases
```
D. Lyases
88
Enzymes are able to catalyze highly specific reactions because
A. All enzymes are located on the surface of the cell membrane
B. All enzymes are proteins
C. None
D. Of the organization of their 3D structure and composition of their active sites
D. Of the organization of their 3D structure and composition of their active sites
89
```
If a patient is having vision issues, which is the best vitamin to recommend
A. E
B. B
C. C
D. A
```
D. A
90
```
Which vitamin is the only organometallic vitamin?
A. B9
B. B12
C. B2
D. B5
```
B. B12
91
```
Vitamin A is a cofactor for which enzyme
A. retinol oxidoreductase
B. retinol lyase
C. retinol dehydrogenase
D. retinol kinase
```
C. retinol dehydrogenase
92
```
Which vitamin serves as a cofactor for flavoproteins?
A. B2
B. B7
C. B3
D. B1
```
A. B2
93
The following are characteristics of enzymes except.
A. They lower the activation energy of a reaction
B. Their names end with ase
C. They act on a substrate
D. The increase activation energy of a reaction
D. The increase activation energy of a reaction
94
```
Which vitamin is riboflavin?
A. B2
B. B4
C. B3
D. B7
```
A. B2
95
```
Which vitamin is required for synthesis of co-enzyme A?
A. B5
B. B9
C. B7
D. B6
```
A. B5
96
```
What of the following vitamins are water soluble
A. D
B. C
C. A
D. K
```
B. C
97
```
Which if the following lipids are not part of the cell membrane?
A. Phospholipids
B. Cholesterol
C. Triacylglycerols
D. Glycolipids
```
C. Triacylglycerols
98
True or false passive transport dose not always require an integral membrane protein.
True
99
```
Which of the following would be least influenced by a mutation that deactivates cell membrane receptor proteins?
A. B12 uptake
B. Homeostasis
C. Hormone signaling
D. Diffusion
```
D. Diffusion
100
Which of the following membranes would be the most fluid?
A. One containing saturated, 18 carbon fatty acids
B. One containing saturated 16 carbon fatty acids
C. One containing polyunsaturated 18 carbon fatty acids
D. One containing polyunsaturated 16 carbon fatty acids
D. One containing polyunsaturated 16 carbon fatty acids
101
```
Which of the following is the most efficient energy storage molecule?
A. triacylglycerols
B. starch
C. phospholipids
D. glycogen
```
A. triacylglycerols
102
```
_____ requires ___ to cross a membrane
A. Glycolysis...vitamin D
B. Active diffusion...ATP
C. ATP...passive diffusion
D. Passive diffusion...ATP
```
B. Active diffusion...ATP
103
```
Which of the following is not a type of lipid anchor
A. Thioester anchor
B. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor
C. Miristoyl achor
D. Peptidoglycan anchor
```
D. Peptidoglycan anchor
104
```
Different blood types are the result of varying _____ bound to proteins on the surface of blood cells
A. Polysaccharides
B. Disaccharides
C. Monosaccharides
D. Oligosaccharides
```
D. Oligosaccharides
105
Phosphoacylglycerols contain
A. A fused ring skeleton
B. Long water-soluble carbon chains
C. Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
D. None of these
E. A positively charged functional group at neutral pH
C. Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
106
Which statement is correct in regards to simple sugars and amino acids?
A. Both are stored as fat molecules in the liver
B. Both are catabolism waste products
C. Both are needed for the synthesis of large biomolecules
D. Both are the building blocks of glycogen
C. Both are needed for the synthesis of large biomolecules
107
```
Molecules such as LDL and vitamin B12 are taken into the cell through a process called
A. Diffusion
B. Receptor mediated endocytosis
C. Osmosis
D. Channel funneling
```
B. Receptor mediated endocytosis
108
```
Complex vitamins are carried across the cell membrane by
A. Receptors
B. Channels
C. Oligosaccharides
D. Enzymes
```
A. Receptors
109
A lactose intolerant individual might have an easier time eating ____ compared to _____
B. Hard cheeses...yogurt
C. Ice cream...yogurt
D. Ice cream...half and half
A. Yogurt...ice cream
110
```
_________is the predominant disaccharide found in beer
A. Maltose
B. Lactose
C. Sucrose
D. Glucose
```
A. Maltose
111
Branched polysaccharides are linked by ___________, whereas linear polysaccharides are linked by _________.
A. Lipid anchors...1,6-glycosidic bonds
B. 1,6 glucosidic bonds...1,4-glucosidic bonds
C. 1,4-glucosidic bonds...lipid anchors
D. 1,4 –glucosidic bonds...1,6 – glucosidic bonds
B. 1,6 glucosidic bonds...1,4-glucosidic bonds
112
```
Which of the following are often attached to a cell membrane by a lipid anchor
A. Peripheral proteins
B. Hemiacetals
C. Monosaccharide
D. Integral proteins
```
A. Peripheral proteins
113
```
Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide made by mammals?
A. Collagen
B. Starch
C. Cholesterol
D. Glycogen
```
D. Glycogen
114
```
Simple sugars are
A. Polyhydroxy nucleic acids
B. Polyhydroxy ketones and aldehydes
C. Polyhydroxy carboxylic acids and phenols
D. Polyhydroxy ketones and phenols
```
B. Polyhydroxy ketones and aldehydes
115
```
Ca2+ channels are essential for
A. pH buffering
B. Iron absorption
C. Vitamin D synthesis
D. Signal transduction
```
D. Signal transduction
116
```
The feature that distinguishes phospholipids from triacylglycerols is which of the following
A. glycerols
B. aldehydes
C. keytones
D. phosphates
```
D. phosphates
117
```
Lactose is made up of which monosaccharides?
A. Glucose and Fructose
B. Glucose and Glucose
C. Glucose and Mannose
D. Glucose and Galactose
```
D. Glucose and Galactose
118
```
The process of active transport requires direct use of
A. ATP
B. Glucose
C. Amino acids
D. Carbon dioxide
```
A. ATP
119
```
Cholesterol is the precursor of
A. Fatty acids
B. B vitamins
C. None of these
D. Steroid hormones
```
D. Steroid hormones
120
```
The sodium potassium pump is a/an ___________ transporter that imports _______ sodiums and exports _______potassiums
A. active...3...2
B. passive...3...2
C. active...2...3
D. passive...2...3
```
A. active...3...2
121
Humans cannot digest cellulose, but livestock such as cows can. Where do livestock get this ability?
A. Livestock ingest plants but gain no nutrition from them
B. Livestock have a gene that encodes for a cellulase
C. Bacteria present in the gut microbiome of livestock produce cellulase
D. Livestock have multiple and more acidic stomachs than humans
C. Bacteria present in the gut microbiome of livestock produce cellulase
122
Which of the following statements about cellular membranes is FALSE?
A. Membrane proteins are classified as integral or peripheral
B. Membranes are composed of lipids and proteins
C. Membranes are frozen, non-moving structures
D. Material can move through the membrane through active transport, facilitated transport or diffusion
C. Membranes are frozen, non-moving structures
123
```
Which of the following is the most efficient form of energy storage for humans
A. Triglycerides
B. Starch
C. Glycogen
D. Galactose
```
A. Triglycerides
124
```
All of the following are polysaccharides except
A. Peptidoglycan
B. Cellulose
C. Chitin
D. Cellobiose
```
D. Cellobiose
125
All of the following describe disaccharides except
A. They are linked together by peptide bonds
B. They are cleaved by hydrolases
C. They are composed of two monosccharides
D. They are linked together by glycosidic bonds
A. They are linked together by peptide bonds
126
```
_____ is a major polysaccharide composing cell walls and is a polymer of repeating _____ monomers
A. Starch... Lactose
B. Cellulase.....glycogen
C. Glycogen..... Glucose
D. Cellulose......glucose
```
D. Cellulose......glucose
127
```
Maltose is made up of which monosaccharides?
A. glucose and galactose
B. glucose and fructose
C. glucose and glucose
D. glucose and mannose
```
C. glucose and glucose
128
Soluble fiber is a _____________ and it can__________ and regulate absorption of____________.
A. oligosaccharide...lowers cholesterol...glucose
B. polysaccharide...lowers cholesterol...glucose
C. polysaccharide...raises cholesterol...glucose
D. polysaccharide...lowers cholesterol...sucrose
B. polysaccharide...lowers cholesterol...glucose
129
```
Various functional roles of oligosaccharides include
A. Cell adhesion
B. All of these
C. Cell surface receptors
D. Cell recognition
```
B. All of these
130
```
Sucrose is made up of which monosaccharides?
A. glucose and galactose
B. glucose and mannose
C. glucose and fructose
D. glucose and glucose
```
C. glucose and fructose
131
```
Glucose is generally transported into the cell by a/an______ transport protein.
A. voltage
B. active
C. passive
D. gated
```
C. passive
132
Receptors are a specialized membrane protein that can have two modes of action A. True
B. False
A. True
133
```
Which of the following is an enzyme that will break down starches
A. Glycogenase
B. Starchase
C. Kinase
D. Amylase
```
D. Amylase
134
True or false there is only one type of glucose transporter in the human body.
A. True
B. False
B. False
135
```
Margarine has a lower melting point than butter because it has which type of fatty acids?
A. unsaturated fatty acids
B. saturated fatty acids
C. phospholipids
D. cholesterol
```
A. unsaturated fatty acids
136
```
Oligosaccharides attached to proteins are called
A. Galactosides
B. Kinases
C. Glycolipids
D. Glycoproteins
```
D. Glycoproteins
137
```
Glucose can be transported in to the cell by either a _______ or a _________ transport protein.
A. symport...carport
B. uniport...symport
C. uniport...antiport
D. antiport...symport
```
B. uniport...symport
138
```
A reducing sugar
A. Is itself oxidized
B. All of these
C. Will reduce something
D. Has a free aldehyde/hemiacetal
```
B. All of these
139
```
Which of the following is the most abundant biologically active monosaccharide
A. L-lactose
B. D-glucose
C. L-glucose
D. D-lactose
```
B. D-glucose
140
The major purpose for carbohydrates in biological organisms is
A. Both energy storage and structural framework
B. Structural framework
C. Energy storage
D. None of these
A. Both energy storage and structural framework
141
```
Which of the following are the electron carriers
A. NAD+ and FADH+
B. NADH and NADPH
C. FADPH2 and FADH2
D. NADH and FADH2
```
D. NADH and FADH2
142
Which of the following reactions generate ATP?
A. 6-phosphogluconate -> ribulose 5-phosphate
B. glucose 6-phosphate
C. Ribulose 5-phosphate -> xylose 5-phosphate
D. none of these
D. none of these
143
If a lot of citrate is around then _________ is negatively regulated and _______is positively regulated
A. glycolysis...gluconeogenesis
B. gluconeogenesis...glycolysis
A. glycolysis...gluconeogenesis
144
```
In glycolysis how many NADHs are made?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
```
C. 2
145
Which of the following requires ATP before entering glycolysis?
A. Fructose
B. Galactose
A. Fructose
146
```
In glycolysis ________molecule of _________ is converted to _______ molecule(s) of__________
A. one...glucose...one...pyruvate
B. one...pyruvate...two...glucose
C. one...pyruvate...one...glucose
D. one...glucose...two...pyruvate
```
D. one...glucose...two...pyruvate
147
In glycolysis the enzymes that are responsible for generating or using ATP are A. mutases
B. dehydrogenases
C. isomerases
D. kinases
D. kinases
148
In glycolysis a ___ carbon molecule is converted to ____ ____ carbon molecules A. 3...2...6
B. 3...6...2
C. 6...3...2
D. 6...2...3
D. 6...2...3
149
```
Fructose can enter glycolysis as
A. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
B. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
D. glucose 6-phosphate
```
B. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
150
```
The following reactions are ones that generate NADH except
A. Succinate -> Fumerate
B. Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA
C. Isocitrate ->a-ketogluterate
D. Malate ->Oxaloacetate
```
A. Succinate -> Fumerate
151
```
Which step in the TCA cycle produces ATP
A. Succinyl CoA -> succinate
B. Citrate to Isocitrate
C. a-ketogluterate -> Succinyl CoA
D. Succinate -> Fumerate
```
A. Succinyl CoA -> succinate
152
If no or minimal glucose is present which pathway is responsible for generating it?
A. gluconeogenesis
B. TCA cycle
C. glycolysis
A. gluconeogenesis
153
```
Deficiencies in the enzymes of which pathway tend to lead to neurological disorders.
A. Electron transport chain
B. Pentose phosphate
C. Glycolysis
D. TCA cycle
```
D. TCA cycle
154
```
The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is
A. NADH
B. O2
C. NADPH
D. FADH2
```
B. O2
155
```
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction where the product is a precursor for heme biosynthesis?
A. citrate synthase
B. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
C. isocitrate dehydrogenase
D. Fumerate
```
B. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
156
```
The electron from NADH is donated to ________
A. Protein 1
B. Protein II
C. Cty c
D. Protein IV
```
A. Protein 1
157
```
In gluconeogenesis which is true
A. glucose is converted to fructose
B. pyruvate is converted to glucose
C. pyruvate is converted to galactose
D. glucose is converted to pyruvate
```
B. pyruvate is converted to glucose
158
```
Which enzyme is inhibited by excess succinyl CoA?
A. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
B. succinyl CoA synthetase
C. succinate dehydrogenase
D. isocitrate dehydrogenase
```
A. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
159
```
All of the following enzymes are regulated in glycolysis except
A. pyruvate kinase
B. hexokinase
C. phosphoglycerate kinase
D. phosphofructokinase
```
C. phosphoglycerate kinase
160
Which of the following pathways lead to the majority of the ATP made by a cell?
A. Glycolysis
B. Electron transport chain
C. TCA cycle
B. Electron transport chain
161
Where does galactose enter glycolysis and which enzyme facilitates this?
A. Galactose enters glycolysis as glucose after conversion from glucose 1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
B. Galactose enters glycolysis as glucose 6-phosphate after conversion from glucose 1- phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase
C. Galactose enters glycolysis as fructose 6-phosphate after conversion from glucose 1- phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
D. Galactose enters glycolysis as glucose 6-phosphate after conversion from glucose 1- phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
D. Galactose enters glycolysis as glucose 6-phosphate after conversion from glucose 1- phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
162
```
In glycolysis how many ATP are made?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 2
D. 6
```
B. 4
163
The nonoxidative phase is composed of irreversible reactions
A. True
B. False
B. False
164
If an enzyme in a pathway is negatively regulated then the pathway is _________.
A. on
B. stopped
C. sped up
B. stopped
165
```
Which enzyme catalyses the reaction where the product is a precursor for sterols?
A. citrate synthase
B. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
C. isocitrate dehydrogenase
D. succinyl CoA synthase
```
A. citrate synthase
166
```
The proton motive force drives
A. ATP synthesis
B. NADPH synthesis
C. FADH2 synthesis
D. NADH synthesis
```
A. ATP synthesis
167
```
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
A. cytosol
B. inner membrane of mitochondria
C. nucleus
D. inner membrane of the cell
```
A. cytosol
168
```
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction where the product is a precursor for glutamate?
A. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
B. citrate synthase
C. isocitrate dehydrogenase
D. malate dehydrogenase
```
C. isocitrate dehydrogenase
169
If the presence of large amounts of AMP is a sign of starvation then regulatory enzymes in _______will be negatively regulated and regulatory enzymes in ______will be stimulated.
A. gluconeogenesis...glycolysis
B. glycolysis...gluconeogenesis
A. gluconeogenesis...glycolysis
170
```
In glycolysis energy in the form of ATP is made when
A. a phosphate group is added
B. a hydroxyl group is removed
C. a hydroxyl group is added
D. a phosphate group is removed
```
D. a phosphate group is removed
171
```
Which step of the TCA cycle produces FADH2
A. Malate -> Oxaloacetate
B. Succinate -> Fumerate
C. Citrate -> Isocitrate
D. Succinyl CoA -> Succinate
```
B. Succinate -> Fumerate
172
```
In glycolysis how many ATP are used?
A. 4
B. 0
C. 2
D. 1
```
C. 2
173
Which of the following reactions is only present in gluconeogenesis and not in glycolysis?
A. Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate
B. phosphoenolpyruvate -> 2-phosphoglycerate
C. fructose 1,6-biphophate -> fructose 6-phosphate
D. 3-phosphoglycerate -> 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
A. Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate
174
```
The electron from FADH2 is donated to ____________
A. Protein I
B. Protein II
C. Protein IV
D. Cytc
```
B. Protein II
175
```
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction where the product can be used in aspartate biosynthesis?
A. malate dehydrogenase
B. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
C. citrate synthase
D. isocitrate dehydrogenase
```
A. malate dehydrogenase
176
```
Which enzyme is responsible for trapping glucose in to the cell?
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Pyruvate kinase
D. Phosphoglycerate kinase
```
A. Hexokinase
177
```
One of the main purposes of the electron transport chain in humans is to
A. generate a sodium gradient
B. generate a calcium gradient
C. generate an electron gradient
D. generate a proton gradient
```
D. generate a proton gradient
178
```
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is positively regulated by________ which initiates the ________
A. pyruvate...pentose phosphate pathway
B. pyruvate...glycolysis
C. pyruvate...TCA cycle
D. pyruvate...gluconeogenesis
```
C. pyruvate...TCA cycle
179
Which of the following is an irreversible step in glycolysis?
A. 3-phosphogylcerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate
B. 2-phosphoglycerate -> phosphoenolpyruvate
C. glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate
D. glucose 6-phosphate -> fructose 6-phosphate
C. glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate
180
The oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is composed of bidirectional reactions.
A. True
B. False
B. False
181
```
High amounts of ATP will inhibit which of the following enzymes
A. fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
B. phosphofructokinase
C. pyruvate carboxylase
D. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
```
B. phosphofructokinase
182
The _______ and the _______ pathways share many of the same steps and they are driven in opposite directions
A. glycolysis...gluconeogenesis
B. glycolysis...TCA cycle
C. gluconeogenesis...electron chain transport
D. gluconeogenesis...TCA cycle
A. glycolysis...gluconeogenesis
183
```
Through gluconeogenesis all but which of the following can be converted to glucose
A. glycerol
B. lactate
C. amino acids
D. succinate
```
D. succinate
184
```
In glycolysis energy must be___________before it is ____________
A. used...balanced
B. generated...used
C. used...generated
D. balanced...used
```
C. used...generated
185
```
How many ATP are generated from the TCA cycle
A. 1
B. 2
C. 0
D. 4
```
B. 2
186
```
When lactate enters gluconeogenesis how many ATPs and GTPs are consumed?
A. 2 ATP and 2 GTP
B. 4 ATP and 0 GTP
C. 4 ATP and 4 GTP
D. 4 ATP and 2 GTP
```
D. 4 ATP and 2 GTP
187
Pyruvate is fed directly into the TCA cycle
A. True
B. False
B. False
188
```
The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to generate _________ and _________.
A. NADPH...ribose sugars
B. FADPH2...ribose sugars
C. FADH2...ribose sugars
D. NADH...ribose sugars
```
A. NADPH...ribose sugars
189
```
When glycerol enters gluconeogenesis how many ATP and GTP are consumed?
A. 2 ATP and 2 GTP
B. 0 ATP and 0 GTP
C. 2 ATP and 4 GTP
D. 4 ATP and 2 GTP
```
B. 0 ATP and 0 GTP
190
```
In glycolysis how many net ATP are produced?
A. 4
B. 1
C. 0
D. 2
```
D. 2
191
```
Amino acids can be grouped into ____ biosynthetic families.
A. 4
B. 6
C. 12
D. 20
```
B. 6
192
```
Tetrahydrofolate, a derivative of vitamin _______, is a coenzyme essential for the synthesis of many amino acids.
A. B6
B. D
C. B12
D. B9
```
D. B9
193
```
Fatty acid oxidation results in generation of all of the following except
A. ATP
B. NADH
C. FADH2
D. Acetyl CoA
```
A. ATP
194
```
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 3, "Cognitive Impairment, Genomic Instability and Trace Elements", which of the following transition metals is an essential micronutrient that becomes toxic when levels are too high?
A. Copper
B. Mercury
C. Gold
D. Uranium
```
A. Copper
195
```
Which part of the broken down triacylglycerols feeds into glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
A. pyruvate
B. acetyl CoA
C. glycerol
D. fatty acids
```
C. glycerol
196
```
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 5, "Linking diet to acne metabolomics", which of the following was found to suppress the activity of the metabolic transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FoxO1)?
A. sellenium
B. Insulin
C. oleic acid
D. zinc
```
B. Insulin
197
```
Which of the following is a stage of lipid degradation?
A. phospholysis
B. Lipolysis
C. beta reduction
D. alpha reduction
```
B. Lipolysis
198
```
Where in the cell are fatty acids transported for oxidation?
A. nucleus
B. mitochondria
C. lysosome
D. endoplasmic reticulum
```
B. mitochondria
199
```
Lipolysis is which stage of fatty acid degradation?
A. Stage 2
B. Stage 4
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 1
```
D. Stage 1
200
```
Fatty acids enter the TCA cycle as
A. isocitrate
B. acetyl CoA
C. citrate
D. pyruvate
```
B. acetyl CoA
201
```
In fatty acid synthesis how is acetyl CoA transferred to its final destination?
A. as acyl CoA
B. as citrate
C. as succnyl CoA
D. as isocitrate
```
B. as citrate
202
In fatty acid oxidation there are __________ steps, _____step and _______step
A. 2 thiolysis...1 oxidation...1 hydration
B. 2 hydration...1 oxidation...1 thiolysis
C. 2 oxidation...1 hydration...1 thiolysis
D. 2 oxidation...2 hydration...1 thiolysis
C. 2 oxidation...1 hydration...1 thiolysis
203
```
Acyl-CoA is created when a _____ bond formed between the fatty acid carbonyl and the thiol group of Coenzyme A (CoA-SH), and is catalyzed by_______.
A. thioester....methylmalonyl CoA mutase
B. sulfonyl....methylmalonyl CoA mutase
C. peptide......acyl-CoA synthetase
D. thioester.....acyl-CoA synthetase
```
D. thioester.....acyl-CoA synthetase
204
```
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 5, "Linking diet to acne metabolomics", the author states that nutrition therapy of acne has to increase __________.
A. FoxO1
B. nitrogenase complex
C. fatty acid degradation
D. lipolysis
```
A. FoxO1
205
```
Ammonium is incorporated into amino acids through _________ and _________.
A. homocysteine......methionine
B. glutamate....aspartate
C. malonyl CoA....succinyl CoA
D. glutamate.....glutamine
```
D. glutamate.....glutamine
206
```
During amino acid degradation, ________ is oxidatively deaminated to form ________.
A. alpha acids....ketone bodies
B. pyruvate....oxaloacetate
C. alginate.....ammonia
D. glutamate...ammonium ion
```
D. glutamate...ammonium ion
207
```
Ketone bodies are synthesized in the
A. adipose tissues
B. gall blader
C. liver
D. pancreas
```
C. liver
208
```
It takes ____ molecules of ATP to synthesize ___ urea molecule.
A. 1.....4
B. 2.....1
C. 4.....1
D. 4....2
```
C. 4.....1
209
```
Which amino acid is the precursor to glycine and cysteine?
A. alanine
B. serine
C. methionine
D. threonine
```
B. serine
210
```
For humans, ____ amino acids are "essential, or cannot be synthesized and must be acquired through the diet.
A. 11
B. 10
C. 20
D. 6
```
A. 11
211
```
Serine and threonine are two amino acids that can be directly deaminated by an enzyme called _________.
A. dehydratase
B. decarboxylase
C. deaminase
D. dehydrolyse
```
A. dehydratase
212
```
The glucose-alanine cycle allows for alanine to be converted to __________, which can then enter _________.
A. NADPH......electron transport chain
B. pyruvate.....gluconeogenesis
C. glucose....fatty acid synthesis
D. fructose....glycolysis
```
B. pyruvate.....gluconeogenesis
213
Which molecule will generate the most ATP A. d-3-hydroxybuterate
B. glucose
C. acetone
D. triacylglycerol
D. triacylglycerol
214
```
Typically fatty acids are degraded in ______ and glycerol is modified in ______
A. tissues...liver cells
B. liver cells...pancreatic cells
C. liver cells...tissues
D. tissues...pancreatic cells
```
A. tissues...liver cells
215
Lipolysis can be triggered by
A. Hormones binding to the HS lipid receptor
B. hormones binding to the glycerol receptor
C. Hormones binding to the glucose receptor
D. Hormones binding to the 7TM receptor
D. Hormones binding to the 7TM receptor
216
```
Amino acid degradation occurs in the ________.
A. brain
B. kidneys
C. liver
D. spleen
```
C. liver
217
```
If a fatty acid has 13 carbons where in the TCA cycle will it be fed in?
A. isocitrate
B. citrate
C. acetyl-CoA
D. succinyl-CoA
```
D. succinyl-CoA
218
```
Fatty acids are broken down into _______ which is then processed in the Citric Acid Cycle.
A. methylmalonyl CoA
B. Acetyl CoA
C. glucose
D. bile salts
```
B. Acetyl CoA
219
```
The enzyme responsible for breaking down triacylglycerol to glycerol and fatty acids is
A. lipase
B. glycerase
C. phospholipase
D. acylase
```
A. lipase
220
```
Fatty acid oxidation occurs
A. 2 carbons at a time
B. 1 carbon at a time
C. 4 carbons at a time
D. 3 carbons at a time
```
A. 2 carbons at a time
221
What is a complicating factor in lipid digestion
A. the number of double bonds in the lipid structure
B. hydrophilicity of the lipid structure
C. The number of carbons present in the lipids structure
D. hydrophobicity of the lipids structure
D. hydrophobicity of the lipids structure
222
```
All aminotransferases contain a prosthetic group derived from vitamin ___.
A. B9
B. B2
C. B6
D. B12
```
C. B6
223
```
Where in the cell does fatty acid synthesis occur?
A. nucleus
B. plasma membrane
C. mitochondria
D. cytosol
```
D. cytosol
224
```
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 2, "Obesity", what does the term SNP stand for?
A. serious nucleotide polymorphism
B. second nutritional protocol
C. single nucleotide polymorphism
D. single nucleophillic polypeptide
```
C. single nucleotide polymorphism
225
```
In the Nutrigenomic paper # 4, "Dairy nutrients and their effect on the inflammatory profile in molecular studies", a review of current literature found that the protein and amino acid composition of dairy products may have ___________ action.
A. anti-inflammatory
B. nutrigenomic
C. polymorphic
D. anti-microbial
```
A. anti-inflammatory
226
```
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 3, "Cognitive Impairment, Genomic Instability and Trace Elements", which of the following trace metals was found to prevent oxidative damage of genetic material?
A. Zinc
B. Cobalt
C. Tellurium
D. Silver
```
A. Zinc
227
```
If a fatty acid has 14 carbons where in the TCA cycle will it be fed into
A. acetyl-CoA
B. succinyl-CoA
C. citrate
D. isocitrate
```
A. acetyl-CoA
228
```
Conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA is a ________ dependent reaction.
A. vitamin B12
B. FADPH
C. vitamin B6
D. vitamin D
```
A. vitamin B12
229
```
Phenylketonuria is a disorder resulting from the absence of the enzyme ________.
A. phenylalanine dehydroxylase
B. ornithine transcarbamoylase
C. argininosuccinate synthetase
D. phenylalanine synthetase
```
A. phenylalanine dehydroxylase
230
```
The ammonium ion is often converted to ______ for excretion.
A. alpha-ketoglutarate
B. glutamate
C. urea
D. pyruvate
```
C. urea
231
```
Nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria and archaea that use a complex called the __________ complex.
A. nitrogenase
B. fixation
C. reduction
D. hydrogenase
```
A. nitrogenase
232
Is the author of Nutrigenomics paper # 1, "Dietary Patterns, Genes and Health", in support of the potential benefits of using genetic back-ground to design a personalized dietary approach for the prevention of chronic disease?
A. no
B. not applicable to focus of paper
C. yes
C. yes
233
Within the nitrogenase complex, the reductase subunit utilizes a ________ and the nitrogenase subunit utilizes a _______.
A. proton gradient.....4Fe - 4S cluster
B. 4Fe - 4S cluster.........proton gradient
C. Fe-Mo cofactor......4Fe - 4S cluster
D. 4Fe - 4S cluster........FeMo cofactor
D. 4Fe - 4S cluster........FeMo cofactor
234
```
Which of the following is a solely ketogenic amino acid?
A. tyrosine
B. lysine
C. aspartate
D. glycine
```
B. lysine
235
```
Glycerol enters glycolysis and/or gluconeogenesis as
A. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
B. glucose 6-phosphate
C. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
D. 1,3 bisphophoglycerate
```
A. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
236
```
Where does fatty acid degradation take place?
A. plasma membrane
B. cytosol
C. nucleus
D. mitochondria
```
D. mitochondria
237
```
Ornithine and citruline are _______.
A. amino acids
B. fatty acids
C. nucleic acids
D. sugars
```
A. amino acids
238
```
Some ______ amino acids are deaminated by peripheral tissues then transported to the liver.
A. aromatic
B. nonpolar
C. branched chain
D. polar
```
C. branched chain
239
Acyl CoA can cross both membranes of the mitochondria
A. True
B. False
B. False
240
```
Acyl carnitine can cross the mitochondrial membrane towards the cytosol as _______ and it is a _______ that does this
A. carnitine...translocase
B. acyl carnitine...translocase
C. translocase...acyl carnitine
D. translocase....carnitine
```
A. carnitine...translocase
