Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho And Pharm > Class One > Flashcards

Class One Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Separated from the cytoplasm by a two layered membrane

Contains DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

Contains a coding system needed to produces enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic matrix

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

Fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites for cellular protein synthesis

RNA protein complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ER

Rough

Smooth

A

Help synthesis and transport of a protein and lipids

Contains ribosomes and composed of cisternae- contributes to synthesis of protein

Contributes to detox and contains enzymes that function in forming major lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Golgi complex

A

Controls processing and packaging of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes for digestion

Cellular injury: causes enzyme release that leads to cell self destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Break down substances into harmless products

Contain oxidative enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Form cell extensions and helps maintain cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces cellular metabolism and ATP generation

Has role in osmotic regulation, ph control, calcium homeostasis and cell signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasma membrane

Function

Composition

A

Controls the composition of a space or compartment It encloses

Cell to cell recognition, cellular mobility, cellular shape, and movement of molecules

Composed of lipid bilayer: selectively permeable and amphipathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Receptors: ligand

A

Bind with cell receptors to activate or inhibit associated signaling or biochemical pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Receptors: plasma membane

A

Protein molecules that can recognize and bind with small specific molecules called ligand a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in regular size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cellular size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cell growth

Due to persistent severe injury or irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one type of cel with another

Due to chronic injury or irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Most common

Results from:
Reduced amount of oxygen in air
Loss of hemoglobin
Decreased production of rbcs
Diseased of the respiratory and cv systems
Poisoning of oxidative enzymes within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anoxia

A

Absence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species

A

Electrically uncharged atom/group of atoms having an impaired electron that is damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chemical injury

Name?

A

Xenobiotics

Lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury, social or street drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Infectious injury: pathogenicity of a microorganism

A

Disease producing potential

Invasion and destruction
Toxin production
Production of hypersensitivity reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Unintentional and intentional injuries

More common for who?

Type?

A

More common among men

Blunt force injuries: motor vehicle crashes and falls
Contusions
Lacerations
Fractures
Sharp force injuries
Gunshot wounds
Asphyxial injuries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Base pairing by DNA polymerase

A

Adenine to thymine

Cytosine to guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mutation

A

Any alteration of genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent know to increase frequency of mutations

Radiation chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

DNA to transcription to RNA to translation to protein

A

Genomic DNA is the blueprint
Transcription is gene expression
mRNAs are the specific short lived gene transcripts
Translation in ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Proteins

A

One or more polypeptides

30
Q

Chromosomes

A

Somatic cells - 46 chromosomes
Gametes - 32 chromosomes
Autosomes - first 22 or the 23 pairs
Sex chromosomes - XX and XY

31
Q

Aberrations

A

Aneuploidy - somatic cell that doesn’t contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes

Better to have extra than less

Nondisjunction is usually the cause

32
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

Genotype: what they have, the composition of genes at a given locus

Phenotype: what they express, outward appearance

33
Q

Heterozygous vs Homozygous

A

Homozygous: loci on a pair of chromosomes have different genes

Heterozygous: loci on a pair of chromosomes have different genes

34
Q

Locus

A

Position of gene along a chromosome

35
Q

Allele

A

A different form of a particular gene at a given locus

Alleles can be dominant, recessive, or codominant

36
Q

Polymorphism

A

Locus that has two or more alleles that occur with appreciable frequency

37
Q

Penetrance vs Expressivity

A

Penetrance: the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also expresses the expected phenotype

Expressivity: the extent of variation on phenotype associated with particular genotype

38
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

An individual who has the gene for a disease but doesn’t express the disease

39
Q

Properties of an ideal drug

A

3 most important properties of a drug
Effectiveness
Safety
Selectivity

Other desired properties
Reversibility, predictability, ease of admin, freedom of drugs, low cost, chemical stability, possession of a generic name

40
Q

Important to note about drugs

A

NO drug is ideal

The therapeutic objective is to provide maximum benefit with minimal harm

41
Q

Absorption affecting factors

A 
Rate of dissolution
Absorbing surface
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
Ph partitioning
42
Q

Distribution is affected by

A

Blood flow
Ability to exit the vascular system
Ability to enter the cells

43
Q

Biotransformation

A

Drug metabolism: the chemical alteration of drug structure

44
Q

Enzyme alteration of drug

A

All drugs go through this

Done mainly by the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes

Microsomes enzymes: cytochrome P450

45
Q

Results of metabolism

A 
Accelerated renal excretion of drugs
Drug inactivation
Increased therapeutic reaction
Activation of pro drugs
Increased or decreased toxicity
46
Q

First pass effect

A

Refers to the rapid hepatic inactivation if certain oral drugs

Drugs are absorbed through the GI tract into capillary, move to venous system, then to liver

Use IV, IM, and sublingual routes to avoid this

47
Q

Factors that affect metabolism rate

A

Age: infants and the elderly are slower

Genetic polymorphism: varies by race and geographic location

48
Q

Excretion and ways of excretion

A

The removal of the drug from the body

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

49
Q

Factors affecting excretion

A

Ph
Competition for active tubular transport
Age

50
Q

Main site of excretion

Other sites

A

Kidneys

Lungs, bile, breast milk, sweat, saliva

51
Q

Concept of receptors/site of action - how drugs works

A

Drugs most often act at the body’s own receptor sites for hormones and neurotransmitters
The drug can only mimic/block actions of the substance that normally interact with that receptor
Drugs can’t give cells new functions
Drug interaction with a receptor is like a lock and key

52
Q

Agonist

A

Molecules that activate receptors

Have both affinity and high intrinsic affinity

53
Q

Antagonist

A

Produce their effects by preventing receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs

Has an affinity for the receptor, but no instrinsic

54
Q

Drug half life

A

The time after which half of the percentage of the drug is gone

55
Q

Therapeutic range

A

Between the MEC and the toxic concentration

This is narrow - toxicity occurs easily and often

56
Q

Minimum effective concentration

A

Level below which a drug is not effective

57
Q

Toxic concentration

A

Level at which a drug is toxic

58
Q

Plasma drug levels

A

Predicts therapeutic or toxic effect

59
Q

First pass effect

A

Rapid hepatic inactivation of certain oral drugs

60
Q

Drug drug interactions

A

Some are intended and desired, others are not

61
Q

Drug drug interactions

Consequences

A

One drug may intensify the other-potentiative interaction

One may reduce the effects of the other - inhibitory effect

The combo may produce a response not seen in either separately

62
Q

Drug drug interactions

Interaction types

A

Direct chemical/physical interactions
Pharmacokinetic interaction
Pharmacodynamic interaction
Combined toxicity

63
Q

Minimizing Drug drug interactions

A

Try to minimize numbers of drugs needed
Make a drug history
Potentially adjust dosages/timing
Monitor pt closely

64
Q

Drug food interactions

A

Can result in toxicity or therapeutic failure

65
Q

Drug food interactions

Consequences

A

Decreased absorption: decreased rate and maybe extent

Increased absorption: may heighten peak effects

66
Q

Drug food interactions

Drug metabolism

A

Grapefruit juice can inhibit metabolism of certain drugs

Does not effect IV meds

67
Q

Drug food interactions

Drug toxicity

A

Some cheeses and yeasts may increase toxicity

Caffeine, salt substitutes, and citrus may all increase toxicity

68
Q

Drug food interactions

Timing

A

Should administer drugs at appropriate times with respect to meals

69
Q

5 rights of medications

A 
Drug
Patient
Dose
Route
Time
70
Q

Application of pharmacology in pt care: right assessment and eval

A 
Pre admin assessment 
Dosage and admin
Eval and promote therapeutic effects
Minimize adverse effects
Minimize adverse interactions
Make PRN decisions 
Montage toxicity 
YOU are the last line of defense against med errors

Patho And Pharm (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions