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Patho And Pharm > Class One > Flashcards

Class One Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Separated from the cytoplasm by a two layered membrane

Contains DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

Contains a coding system needed to produces enzymes

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic matrix

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

Fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites for cellular protein synthesis

RNA protein complexes

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4
Q

ER

Rough

Smooth

A

Help synthesis and transport of a protein and lipids

Contains ribosomes and composed of cisternae- contributes to synthesis of protein

Contributes to detox and contains enzymes that function in forming major lipids

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5
Q

Golgi complex

A

Controls processing and packaging of proteins

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6
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes for digestion

Cellular injury: causes enzyme release that leads to cell self destruction

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7
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Break down substances into harmless products

Contain oxidative enzymes

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Form cell extensions and helps maintain cell shape

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces cellular metabolism and ATP generation

Has role in osmotic regulation, ph control, calcium homeostasis and cell signaling

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10
Q

Plasma membrane

Function

Composition

A

Controls the composition of a space or compartment It encloses

Cell to cell recognition, cellular mobility, cellular shape, and movement of molecules

Composed of lipid bilayer: selectively permeable and amphipathic

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11
Q

Receptors: ligand

A

Bind with cell receptors to activate or inhibit associated signaling or biochemical pathway

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12
Q

Receptors: plasma membane

A

Protein molecules that can recognize and bind with small specific molecules called ligand a

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13
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in regular size

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14
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cellular size

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15
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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16
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cell growth

Due to persistent severe injury or irritation

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17
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one type of cel with another

Due to chronic injury or irritation

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18
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Most common

Results from:
Reduced amount of oxygen in air
Loss of hemoglobin
Decreased production of rbcs
Diseased of the respiratory and cv systems
Poisoning of oxidative enzymes within cells

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19
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood flow

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20
Q

Anoxia

A

Absence of oxygen

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21
Q

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species

A

Electrically uncharged atom/group of atoms having an impaired electron that is damaged

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22
Q

Chemical injury

Name?

A

Xenobiotics

Lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury, social or street drugs

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23
Q

Infectious injury: pathogenicity of a microorganism

A

Disease producing potential

Invasion and destruction
Toxin production
Production of hypersensitivity reaction

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24
Q

Unintentional and intentional injuries

More common for who?

Type?

A

More common among men

Blunt force injuries: motor vehicle crashes and falls
Contusions
Lacerations
Fractures
Sharp force injuries
Gunshot wounds
Asphyxial injuries
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25
Base pairing by DNA polymerase
Adenine to thymine | Cytosine to guanine
26
Mutation
Any alteration of genetic material
27
Mutagen
An agent know to increase frequency of mutations Radiation chemicals
28
DNA to transcription to RNA to translation to protein
Genomic DNA is the blueprint Transcription is gene expression mRNAs are the specific short lived gene transcripts Translation in ribosomes
29
Proteins
One or more polypeptides
30
Chromosomes
Somatic cells - 46 chromosomes Gametes - 32 chromosomes Autosomes - first 22 or the 23 pairs Sex chromosomes - XX and XY
31
Aberrations
Aneuploidy - somatic cell that doesn’t contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes Better to have extra than less Nondisjunction is usually the cause
32
Genotype vs Phenotype
Genotype: what they have, the composition of genes at a given locus Phenotype: what they express, outward appearance
33
Heterozygous vs Homozygous
Homozygous: loci on a pair of chromosomes have different genes Heterozygous: loci on a pair of chromosomes have different genes
34
Locus
Position of gene along a chromosome
35
Allele
A different form of a particular gene at a given locus Alleles can be dominant, recessive, or codominant
36
Polymorphism
Locus that has two or more alleles that occur with appreciable frequency
37
Penetrance vs Expressivity
Penetrance: the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also expresses the expected phenotype Expressivity: the extent of variation on phenotype associated with particular genotype
38
Incomplete penetrance
An individual who has the gene for a disease but doesn’t express the disease
39
Properties of an ideal drug
3 most important properties of a drug Effectiveness Safety Selectivity Other desired properties Reversibility, predictability, ease of admin, freedom of drugs, low cost, chemical stability, possession of a generic name
40
Important to note about drugs
NO drug is ideal The therapeutic objective is to provide maximum benefit with minimal harm
41
Absorption affecting factors
``` Rate of dissolution Absorbing surface Blood flow Lipid solubility Ph partitioning ```
42
Distribution is affected by
Blood flow Ability to exit the vascular system Ability to enter the cells
43
Biotransformation
Drug metabolism: the chemical alteration of drug structure
44
Enzyme alteration of drug
All drugs go through this Done mainly by the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes Microsomes enzymes: cytochrome P450
45
Results of metabolism
``` Accelerated renal excretion of drugs Drug inactivation Increased therapeutic reaction Activation of pro drugs Increased or decreased toxicity ```
46
First pass effect
Refers to the rapid hepatic inactivation if certain oral drugs Drugs are absorbed through the GI tract into capillary, move to venous system, then to liver Use IV, IM, and sublingual routes to avoid this
47
Factors that affect metabolism rate
Age: infants and the elderly are slower | Genetic polymorphism: varies by race and geographic location
48
Excretion and ways of excretion
The removal of the drug from the body Filtration Reabsorption Secretion
49
Factors affecting excretion
Ph Competition for active tubular transport Age
50
Main site of excretion Other sites
Kidneys Lungs, bile, breast milk, sweat, saliva
51
Concept of receptors/site of action - how drugs works
Drugs most often act at the body’s own receptor sites for hormones and neurotransmitters The drug can only mimic/block actions of the substance that normally interact with that receptor Drugs can’t give cells new functions Drug interaction with a receptor is like a lock and key
52
Agonist
Molecules that activate receptors Have both affinity and high intrinsic affinity
53
Antagonist
Produce their effects by preventing receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules and drugs Has an affinity for the receptor, but no instrinsic
54
Drug half life
The time after which half of the percentage of the drug is gone
55
Therapeutic range
Between the MEC and the toxic concentration This is narrow - toxicity occurs easily and often
56
Minimum effective concentration
Level below which a drug is not effective
57
Toxic concentration
Level at which a drug is toxic
58
Plasma drug levels
Predicts therapeutic or toxic effect
59
First pass effect
Rapid hepatic inactivation of certain oral drugs
60
Drug drug interactions
Some are intended and desired, others are not
61
Drug drug interactions | Consequences
One drug may intensify the other-potentiative interaction One may reduce the effects of the other - inhibitory effect The combo may produce a response not seen in either separately
62
Drug drug interactions | Interaction types
Direct chemical/physical interactions Pharmacokinetic interaction Pharmacodynamic interaction Combined toxicity
63
Minimizing Drug drug interactions
Try to minimize numbers of drugs needed Make a drug history Potentially adjust dosages/timing Monitor pt closely
64
Drug food interactions
Can result in toxicity or therapeutic failure
65
Drug food interactions | Consequences
Decreased absorption: decreased rate and maybe extent Increased absorption: may heighten peak effects
66
Drug food interactions | Drug metabolism
Grapefruit juice can inhibit metabolism of certain drugs Does not effect IV meds
67
Drug food interactions | Drug toxicity
Some cheeses and yeasts may increase toxicity Caffeine, salt substitutes, and citrus may all increase toxicity
68
Drug food interactions | Timing
Should administer drugs at appropriate times with respect to meals
69
5 rights of medications
``` Drug Patient Dose Route Time ```
70
Application of pharmacology in pt care: right assessment and eval
``` Pre admin assessment Dosage and admin Eval and promote therapeutic effects Minimize adverse effects Minimize adverse interactions Make PRN decisions Montage toxicity YOU are the last line of defense against med errors ```

Patho And Pharm (6 decks)

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