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Psychology Year 12 > Class Notes ALTERED STATES OF AWARNESS > Flashcards

Class Notes ALTERED STATES OF AWARNESS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Consciousness?

A

Consciousness is your awareness of how and why you react to your surroundings.

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2
Q

What is personal Consciousness?

A

Your understanding and perception of the world

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3
Q

What is selective Consciousness?

A

Paying attention to some things and ignoring others

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4
Q

What is changing Consciousness?

A

Thoughts constantly moving from one topic to topic

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5
Q

What is controlled processing?

A

It requires us to pay attention and deliberately put in effort

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6
Q

What is Automatic processing?

A

Does not require us to pay attention nor do we have to deliberately put in effort to control automatic processes.

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7
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

Sleep is an integral part of a daily biological rhythm- a circadian rhythm

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8
Q

What is circadian rhythms?

A

Cycle of behavioural or physiological changes that occurs over a 24 hour periods. Arousal levels and secretion of hormone

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9
Q

What does your circadian clock do?

A

It sets your internal functions like changes in blood pressure, body temperature and metabolism to local time in predictable ways.

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10
Q

How is the circadian rhythm controlled?

A

The circadian rhythm is controlled by the SCN- small cluster of nerves in hypothalamus

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11
Q

How does the control of the circadian rhythm work?

A

When the retina of your eyes is exposed to light, a message is sent to your hypothalamus. Light is the external cue(exogenous).

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12
Q

What is exogenous?

A

External Cue

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13
Q

What is SCN(supra-chiasmatic nuclei)

A

group of peacemaker cells in the hypothalamus in the brain

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14
Q

What is the pineal gland

A

gland in brain that secretes the hormone melatonin

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15
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

cause sleepiness

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16
Q

What can alter the circadian rhythm

A

the amount of light exposed to , can alter our circadian rhythm.

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17
Q

What is a zeitgeber?

A

Is any external or environmental cue that entrains, or synchronizes an organism’s biological rhythms to the Earth’s 24-hour light/dark and 12 month cycle.

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18
Q

What is entrainment?

A

occurs when rhythmic physiological or behavioural events match their period and phase to that of an environmental oscillation. A common example is the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the daily light-dark cycle, which ultimately is determined by the Earth’s rotation

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19
Q

What is desynchronization?

A

Occurs because external cues(exogenous) are altered compared to internal cues(endogenous) E.g crossing multiple time zones

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20
Q

What is sleep

A

periodic stat that alter awareness and is accompanied by physiological(how body works) effects. Each night we go through several stages of sleep. Each stage characterised by different brain waves and features.

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21
Q

How are brain waves measured?

A

measured by an EEG( electroencephalogram)

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22
Q

What is stage 1 sleep?

A

Light sleep which lasts 2 min.

Heart rate slows, breathing slows down. Muscles start to relax

Hypnagogic sensations- often the “hallucinations” of floating, see flashing lights or colours

Brain waves start to show theta patterns

Can be easily woken

When we transition from drowsy sleep to actual sleep, brain waves change from alpha waves to theta waves.

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23
Q

What is stage 2 sleep?

A
  • lasts about 20 min
  • the body tem starts to drop
  • heart and breathing slows
  • sleep spindles
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24
Q

What is stage 3 sleep?

A
  • 30 minutes of deep sleep when your brain produces super delta wave
  • breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature continues to drop
  • where you truly sleep and your body regenerates
  • during this stage, a person may sleepwalk, talk in their sleep or wet their bed. Awoken from this stage, people will feel extremely tired and drowsy
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25
Q

What is stage 4 sleep?

A
  • deepest level of sleep
  • pure delta waves
  • breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature continue to drop
  • hard to wake up
  • pituitary gland releases growth hormones
  • your muscles relax
  • no eye movement
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26
Q

What REM sleep?

A
  • person moves into REM sleep -sequence then reverse
  • rapid eye movement
  • fast short beta waves
  • EEG shows activity of an awake person
  • pulse rate, blood pressure quicken, respiration faster, easy to awaken
  • muscle paralysis (relaxation)
  • vivid dreams with complex plot
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27
Q

What are sleep needs?

A
  • the sleep need in different age group are different
  • young adults need 8 hours per night and have approximately 4 cycles of sleep per night
  • babies sleep need more sleep and have more REM sleep than adults
  • As you get older the amount of time in stage 1 sleep increases and time in slow waves(stage 3 and 4) decreases
28
Q

Why do we need sleep?

A

repair- restoration theory- sleeping helps us recover from activities of the day

evolutionary-circadian theory - sleep evolved so animals could conserve energy when they were not finding food or seeking mates

  • animal that have few predators often sleep longer
  • animals with more natural predator sleep for a shorter time.
29
Q

What is delayed sleep phase syndrome?

A

It is a disorder where you find it harder to go to sleep until very late at night

30
Q

What are some treatments for delayed sleep phase syndrome?

A
  • bright light therapy - light in the morning , this leads to earlier sleep onset in evening
  • melatonin - this is a hormone that your body makes to help control your body clock
31
Q

What is the difference between dyssomnia and parasomnia?

A

dyssomnia- is problems in amount, timing and quality of sleep

parasomnia- abnormal disturbances during sleep

32
Q

What is insomnia?

A
  • means a lack of sleep
  • persistent diffculty falling or staying asleep (longer than 3 weeks) and imparied daytime functioning
  • it is a type of dyssomnia
33
Q

What are some causes of insomnia?

A
  • excessive anxiety
  • tensnion
  • depression
  • stress
  • health problems
  • drugs
  • medication
  • grief
  • chronic pain
34
Q

What are some advice to reduce the chance of insomnia?

A
  • lie in bed only when sleepy
  • don’t use the bed for uses other than sleep
  • if you lie in bed but can’t fall asleep- get up again
  • get up at the same time each morning
  • do not nap during the day
35
Q

What are some psychological interventions for insomnia?

A

cognitive behavioural therapy, stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction theory,

36
Q

What is stimulus control therapy?

A

aims to make the bed a cue for sleep onset

37
Q

What is sleep restriction theory?

A
  • this theory is based on facts that people with insomnia try to compensate for poor sleep by spending more time in bed
  • therefore by limiting the amount of time in bed it will lead to more effective sleep
38
Q

What is a cognitive behavioural theory?

A

some people may have unrealistic thoughts or dysfunctional thoughts about sleeping that causes anxiety. CBT is bases on the idea that how you think and act affects the way you feel.

39
Q
  • What is a medical intervention that can be used to treat insomnia?
A

prescribed sleeping tablets

40
Q

What is sleep apnoea?

A
  • it literally means no breathing
  • repeated interruptions of breathing during sleep because air passages are blocked or the brain falls to send signals to the muscles that are causing breathing
  • sleep apnoea occurs when the walls of the throat com together during sleep, blocking off the upper airway. breathing stops for that period of time until the brain registers the lack of breathing or drop in oxygen levels and sends a small wake up call
41
Q

What is a treatment for sleep apnoea?

A

CPAP- continuous positive airway pressure. air is blown into the nose and mouth to keep the airway open

42
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A
  • sudden and uncontrolled sleep during normal waking hours
  • fall suddenly into REM sleep
  • during REM sleep there is both dreaming and temporary loss of muscle ton.
43
Q

What is parasomnia?

A
  • bad dreams with feelings of panic and distress

- occur in REM sleep

44
Q

What are some treatments for parasomnia?

A
  • write down the nightmare in detail
  • change the nightmare anyway you wish and write it down
  • imagine the changes in your dream before you fall asleep again
45
Q

When do night terrors and sleep-walking occur?

A

during stage 4 NREM sleep

46
Q

What is arousal?

A
  • is a physiological and psychological state
  • involves activation of the brain stem, the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
  • causes increased heart rate, blood pressure, increased alertness and readiness to response
  • arousal is zero at death, low in sleep, moderate when awake,
47
Q

What are the two types of peripheral nervous system?

A
  • somatic NS - nerves under voluntary control

- autonomic NS- nerves not under voluntary control, e.g nerves that control muscles of organs such as the intestine

48
Q

What is sympathetic nervous system

A
  • called into action with arousal

- fight flight or freeze response

49
Q

What are some effects when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A
  • adrenal gland- release adrenalin and cortisol
  • heart- increased heart rate
  • lungs- increased expansion
  • liver- releases glucose for use by cells to make energy
  • stomach- slows digestion
  • salivary glands- decrease production of saliva
  • eyes- dilate pupils
  • sweat glands- increased sweat produced
50
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • called into action when calming is required
  • affects behaviour and body by encouraging it to conserve energy so that there are enough reserves for everyday functioning
51
Q

What is arousal theory?

A
  • an individuals arousal level will vary during a 24 hour period
  • there are ideal levels of arousal for various activities
52
Q

What is Yerkes- Dodson law?

A
  • relatively simple and well-rehearsed tasks require a higher level of arousal for optimal performance
  • the more complex tasks that cannot be rehearsed require lower levels of arousal for optimal performance
  • the more skilled the person the higher the level of arousal for optimal performance
53
Q

What are two types of stress?

A
  • eustress- pleasant desirable stress

- distress- unpleasant objectionable stress

54
Q

What are stressors?

A
  • any object, event or condition that causes stress
  • stressors are specific to the individual , stressors may be internal (how the person interprets a situation) or it may be external(events in the environment)
55
Q

What is Hans Selye- general adaptation syndrome?

A
  1. alarm stage- fight or flight response activated to enable us to deal with stressor
  2. resistance stage- body adjusts its reaction in an effort to cope with the still existing stressor. arousal higher than normal, but the body begins to replenish some resources
  3. exhaustion stage- when the body is depleted and gives up
56
Q

What are some strategies for coping with stress?

A
  1. social support
  2. eat a balanced diet
  3. avoid stimulants(e.g coffee, nictonine - these stimulate the sympathetic nervous system)
  4. laugh/ humour - appropiate use of humour has been found to decrease stress by activating the parasympathetic NS and causes relaxation
  5. mediation- activated parasympathetic NS
  6. physical activity - uses up chemical produced by stress
  7. environmental planning- plan your activities so that events and their surroundings are not stressful
  8. relabelling- put a positive spin on things
57
Q

What is jet lag?

A
  • a circadian rhythm related disorder
  • only appeared with plane travel where 2 to 3 time zones were crossed in short period of time
  • occurs because the body’s awake-sleep rhythms(internal clock) is set to the departure location(external cue )
  • evidence from jet lag shows that the internal clock can only adjust one hour per day
  • the internal clock has a length of longer than 24- hours so it is easier to stay up later and wake up later
  • easier to fly west(where time is later than where you are; lengths the day) because it is easier to stay awake later and wake up later
  • flying east( where time is earlier than where you are ; shortens the day)is hard because you have to go to sleep earlier and wake up earlier
58
Q

What are some symptoms of jet lag?

A
  • increased fatigue
  • loss of concentration
  • increased irritability
  • wide awake at unusual hours
59
Q

What is fatigue?

A
  • physical or mental weariness resulting from exertion
  • someone is drowsy, more likely to fall asleep and has impaired performance such as slower reaction time
  • inadequate sleep quality and quantity (sleep deprivation) contribute to fatigue
60
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of fatigue?

A
  • self- reported sensation of sleepiness
  • self- reported decreased alertness
  • lack of concentration
  • slowed reaction time
  • irritability
  • mood swings
  • decreased hand-eye coordination
  • poor decision making
  • involuntary sleep - microsleeps
61
Q

How to deal with fatigue

A
  • improve your sleep hygiene
  • strategically nap
  • strategically use caffeine
  • eat low fat, high proteins foods
  • avoid highly processed, high sugar food- increased tryptophan and serotonin
  • drink plenty of water
62
Q

What is the full form of EEG?

A

Electroencephalogram- brain waves and brain activity

63
Q

What is the full form of EOG?

A

electro-oculogram - eye activity

64
Q

What is the full form of EMG?

A

electro-myogram - muscle activity

65
Q

How to investigate levels of stress and arousal?

A
  • objective quantitative methods- the polygraph measure blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate and GSR
  • subjective quantitative methods - self-rating of stress
  • qualitative measure - focus group records, Delphi technique records
66
Q

What are some ethical issues with investigation levels stress and arousal?

A
  • informed constant is important as subjects with sleep disorders and stress are a vulnerable group
  • voluntary participation
  • minimise harm to participants

Psychology Year 12 (7 decks)

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