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communication studies > class lectures part 2 > Flashcards

class lectures part 2 Flashcards

0
Q

medium function of the media

A
  • tied soley to the conditions of it’s use and general nature
    eg. A place to go in a date= movie theater (this is a MATING FUNCTION where the content is irreverent)
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1
Q

content function of the mass media

A

eg. votes guided for election by newspaper content, experience, & media itself
- weather channel guided how you dress

the information is MORE important than the experience!

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2
Q

manifest function

A

-obvious set face function
eg. watching the news in the morning to…
learn about what is new in the world
eg. A car ad in a magazine..
To get people to buy cars

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3
Q

latent function

A

more hidden functions of the mass media ( sometimes even subconscious)

eg. reading the newspaper in the morning so you don’t have to talk to your wife
eg. A car add in a magazine to remind people that they like the car they already own

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4
Q

societal functions of the mass media

A
  1. ) status conferral
  2. ) passing in values and traditions
  3. ) narcotizing
  4. ) services out political system
  5. ) community and social cohesion
  6. ) services the economy
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5
Q

status conferral

A

legitimizes an issue/ person/ organization/ social movement and brings us status

eg. if it is in the front page/ cover it tells us it is important
eg. 1960s civil rights movements= media told is it was important and to pay attention

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6
Q

passing on norms, values, and traditions

A

media teaches us what is right and what is wrong. Some aspects include enforcement and homogenizing

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7
Q

enforcement

A

media shows you who gets punished and for what

  • sometimes mass media IS the punishment (embarrassing people)
    eg. women left at the alter, fiancé goes on honeymoon without her and ends up in the NYT
  • media is widely criticized when it doesn’t up hold the status quo. Eg. Rap criticized
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8
Q

homogenizing

A

mass media doesn’t show subcultural norm, values, and traditions

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9
Q

narcotizing

A

(dopes us up)

  • serves disfunction
  • information overload
  • focuses on superficiality
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10
Q

services our political system

A
  • informs us of upcoming elections

- people in out democratic government get their information from the mass media

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11
Q

community and social cohesion

A

mass media connects us to other people by sharing common interest and concerns

  • especially dramatic in times if crisis
    eg. 911
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12
Q

how mass media services the economy

A

online shopping
advertising
business section of the newspaper

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13
Q

individual functions of the mass media

A
  1. guide behavior
  2. Guide understanding
  3. develop self concept
  4. professional tool
  5. facilitate interaction
  6. substitute interaction
  7. ) emotional release
  8. ) ritualize our lives
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14
Q

how does mass media facilitate interaction?

A

it gives us things to talk about

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15
Q

How does media help to develop self concept?

A

by giving you people you can identify with which causes is to create idea about ourselves and how we fit into the world
-also gives us both positive and negative role models

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16
Q

how does mass media guide our understanding of the world

A

-defines reality & social construction of realities
eg what type of place is the world?
what does it mean to be a man or woman?

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17
Q

mean world syndrome

A

TV makes people see the world as mean and violent

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18
Q

what determines content of the mass media?

A
  1. legal system
  2. organizational procedures
  3. technological constraints
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19
Q

how does the legal system determine mass media?

A

changes copy rite laws

eg. US didn’t recognize European copy rite laws so european books were cheaper causing American authors to have to develop a distinctly different style to profit

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20
Q

how do organizational procedures determine the content of mass media?

A
  • only a small fraction of things put out/ published end up in bookstores, theater, and radio
    ( music videos weren’t a thing until MTV was invented)
    ( market testing pop songs made it so immediately gratifying songs were more likely to be put out)
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21
Q

how do technological constraints determine media content?

A

silent films=> talking => color=> animation

the 3 min song bc that’s how much discs could hold.

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22
Q

cultural conventions

A

technological constraints become cultural conventions

  • violating= risk of alienating people
  • different in different cultures
    eg. 3 min songs are normal
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23
Q

what factors are considered in storage of media content?

A
  1. ) longevity
  2. ) capacity
  3. ) portability
  4. ) accessibility
  5. ) reproducibility

storage of media has political and social consequences (centralization v decentralization)

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24
Q

kitsch

A

low quality art

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25
Q

elitist view of mass media

A

mass media aims lower so they can make money which causes low art

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26
Q

populist view of mass media

A

there is nothing wrong to appealing to mass taste

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27
Q

memories in relation to film

A

film provides us with words and memories that stick with us throughout our lives “life is like a box of chocolate”

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28
Q

an example of films influencing our conceptions of reality

A

love and romance

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29
Q

persistence of vision

A

allows movies to work

- visual image remains in the Reyna of the eye for a second after it is there

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30
Q

pictorial realism

A

short (1 min or less) films with simple movement

eg. Waterfalls, Gondola in Venice

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31
Q

sustained narrative

A

in movies when the telling of stories became important

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32
Q

Age of Griffith 1906-1916

A

Hollywood is born

  • films grew longer, more popular, and more profitable
  • first nickelodeon
  • movies could be a business
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33
Q

Importance of Birth of a Nation

A

showed that movies could be a business & also could really evoke emotion

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34
Q

Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC)

A

east coast based company that controlled almost everything related to movies

  • people revolted against them hb moving to Hollywood
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35
Q

why Hollywood?

A

-Cheap land and Weather Rocks!

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36
Q

Hollywood in the 1920s

A
  • became studios
  • movie palaces built
  • actors became like our royalty
  • lots of sex scandals
  • women emancipated
  • FAST time
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37
Q

how did the advent of sound change Hollywood?

A
  • the Jazz singer was the first talking film
  • verbal comedy became popular
  • more expensive dubbing required
  • film became more popular
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38
Q

the golden age

A

difficult times in the word=> music helps people escapes from hard times

  • average household goes to movies twice a week
  • music/ comedies are popular
  • movies that deal with social issues (gangsters) and patriotic films
  • stars contracted by certain movie studios
  • 7 studios control almost all films
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39
Q

Post World War 2 Decline causes

A
  1. ) TV took people away from the movies
  2. ) red scare
  3. ) paramount case
  4. ) forgiven films become more popular
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40
Q

red scare

A

concern about the spread of communism. House of American Activities Committees interviewed and put out a black list for people not allowed to work in Hollywood

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41
Q

paramount case

A

restraint of trade case argued that Film industry was an ologopery and that their vertical integration of Production, Distribution and Exhibition was not allowed= as a result studios got out if exhibition

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42
Q

reaction to post WW2 decline

A
  • better film experience: wider screens, better color, improved sound systems
  • more stunts
  • films that would appeal to everybody
  • epics +large scale
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43
Q

Take over of Hollywood by non Hollywood business interests

A
  • caused by studios moving towards bankruptcy

- really changed Hollywood because super focused in making $$

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44
Q

radical changes in the 1960s

A

-more artsy, experimental, and more specific audiences
- rise in independent films
-ride in social commentary
DID NOT LAST VERY LONG

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45
Q

youth

A
  • more likely to go to theaters
  • 3/4 of audiences between 16-30
  • attracted to disaster pictures
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46
Q

blockbuster

A

-a widely successful film
eg jaws
-young people would go to these films and then going again and again

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47
Q

change in movie esthetics

A

plot and character driven => sensation driven

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48
Q

sequels

A
  • continuing a story of previous movie

- much less risky, already have audience,

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49
Q

remake

A

-the remaking of an old movie, but now with a new cast

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50
Q

prequels

A

telling a story that takes place before a previous film

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51
Q

reboots

A

staring a series over with a new take/ cast

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52
Q

based on other media content

A

eg. books(Harry potter), video games, comic books (Spider-Man), TV show

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53
Q

toys and games

A

Lego movies and transformers

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54
Q

$ making

A
  • more money spent on movies than ever before
  • cost sharing becomes popular
  • now movies have to appeal to more people ( dumb down script esp. compared to radical changes)
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55
Q

why do actors make so much $?

A
  • first weekend is very important to a films success
  • people will go to films w/ their favorite actors
  • esp important for international films
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56
Q

international

A
  • increasingly important for films
  • 70% of money made over seas
  • action films
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57
Q

why are action films popular overseas?

A

(boys with Toys Travel)

  • visual action, and physical humor transfers easier
  • goal is to have films that are easily acceptable all across the world
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58
Q

CB(zero)

A

actors get a share of the profits after the studio breaks even

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59
Q

changes in release pattern

A

biggest cities-> big cities->cities-> small towns

  • idea:word of mouth would spread the film
  • Jaws changed this with a high profile national release
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60
Q

independent films

A

made outside of Hollywood systems. made for less money, without major stars, attract specialized audiences, edgier more serious & provocative
-follow old pattern of release

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61
Q

popular entertainment

A

movies were popular entertainment NOT art

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62
Q

self distribution

A

used to make indies (sometimes when studios don’t finance them!)
-more film are distributed online

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63
Q

forgein films

A

go after similar audiences as indies

-Americans aren’t usually big fans of these but they have become really popular

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64
Q

cineplex

A

movie theaters with more than one screen

  • have people more access to indies
  • mostly found in the mall (have symbiotic relationships with malls)
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65
Q

megaplex

A

movie theaters with 20 or more screens

-even more access to independent films

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66
Q

changing nature of theaters

A

people now encouraged to spend time there
- more lavish theaters with added restaurants and boutiques
- more of an overall social experience
increasingly owned by chains
( all this because theaters need ways to attract consumers bc people have lavish home entertainment systems)

67
Q

changing nature of studios

A
  • just financing and distributing agencies

- actual work of production done by 100s of smaller companies

68
Q

TV

A

TV and movies cooperate and coexist bc

  • TV is a place to recycle old films
  • movie studios make money off of Made for Television movies
  • studios then started to make TV shows
69
Q

sell through

A

selling directly to consumers

especially popular with family films

70
Q

Videos

A

putting films on videos (VHS, DVDs etc)

- at first studios fought this but then they started to make tons of money off of it!)

71
Q

direct-to-video

A
  • movies never shown in theaters
  • increasingly for sequels
  • sometimes includes low quality animation
72
Q

connubial experience

A

-the reason why we enjoy watching things with other people & why video WILL NOT kill the movie theater

73
Q

other places to make money BEYOND THE BOX OFFICE

A
  • airplanes

- merchandise

74
Q

audience for film

A
  • most popular for youth

- baby boomers also growing fast

75
Q

Why is the teen audience important to movies?

A

->there films cost less to make
>only group that will see movies more than once
>don’t pay attention to reviews
>eat more in theaters

76
Q

teen males

A

see the most movies, and are impatient so they see them early
(important in determining opening weekend)

77
Q

Females

A
  • drove the success of the titanic
  • girls go to movies in packs
  • behind success of movies with strong female characters
78
Q

most persuasive media

A
  • it’s high impact and high involvement pull you into it’s world
    (in WW2 propaganda used to motivate the troops)
  • Film usually doesn’t use it’s capacity to persuade)— we want to be entertained NOT deal with issues!
79
Q

formulas/ cliches

A

eg. Bar tenders whipping the inside of a glass

used because they work an they entertain us!

80
Q

1915 regulation decision

A

-supreme courts ruled that films are a business not a form of expression
and therefore NOT protected by the first amendment
-created demand for Hollywood to regulate itself

81
Q

Hays Office and Code

A

Hollywood used this to regulate itself

  • extremely restrictive rules
  • movies had to pay fines if not followed
82
Q

challenging the Hays Code

A

Howard Hues made a movies with a woman in tight clothes which didn’t get approval, but he put it out anyways

83
Q

miracle case

A

overturned the 1915 ruling

- films SHOULD be protected by the first amendment

84
Q

MPAA

A
  • replaced the Hayes system
  • started the rating system ( G, PG, PG-13, and R)
  • all voluntary by studios but they face heavy pressure to do so
  • PG13 movies make more than R rated on average
85
Q

Digital

A
  • replaced old film technology

- made distributing films less expensive

86
Q

Internet and film

A
  • at first you could only get short films that didn’t really work
  • now it’s so easy to download/ stream films that there is a BIG drop in sales for DVDs
87
Q

how to studios choose what to make an support?

A
  • It’s all about minimizing risk

they are operate like an insurance company

88
Q

connecting

A

agents, talent seekers, ANR scouts, and acquisition editors find artists and connect them to big businesses

89
Q

cooped

A

when studios fly our critics to premiers, pay for their hotel, and their food

90
Q

cultural conventions

A
  • the media promotes things that go with cultural conventions
  • they minimize risk by going with things that have worked B4.
  • people that have been successful B4 (actors, writers, directors)
    eg. Suburban high school movie
    eg. Desperate Housewives didn’t get approved as a hour long comedy
91
Q

secondary markets

A

all opportunities to make money on media beyond original domestic sale and format

eg. Airlines & merchandise
- more money can be made in secondary markets than in primary markets

92
Q

syndication

A

when studios make previously aired shows available for any station for a profit
eg. Friends

93
Q

why are CSI and Law and Order perfect for syndication?

A

> last min plot twists make people forget and watch again

> they avoid serialization ( can be watched in any order)

94
Q

over production with emphasis on block busters

A
  • highly probable that any one product will not succeed so you assume that a few will hit big enough to cover the losses on anything else ( blockbusters are super hard to predict)!
95
Q

horizontal Integration

A

using different aspects to promote each other

eg. fix owns entertainment weekly

96
Q

how is media supported?

A
  1. audience
  2. ad
  3. audience and ad
  4. subsidized
97
Q

audience supported

A

audience pays directly for the product

98
Q

ad supported

A

program offered for free and money is made by selling audience to advertisers

99
Q

audience and advertising supported

A

programs offered for fee and money is made by selling audience to advertisers

eg. magazines and cable TV

100
Q

subsidized

A

eg. media supported by the government (eg NPR + PBS), private companies, and nonprofit organizations

101
Q

AC Nielson

A

provides networks with ratings

102
Q

people meter

A

meter that Nielson company uses

- calculates the min by min viewing to determine the average number of people who watch a particular show

103
Q

rating of 20

A

means 20% of households are watching a particular show

watching a particular show/ number of TV watching households

104
Q

share

A

watching a particular show/ # number of homes with the TV on

105
Q

sweeps

A

measure local audiences

local channels will go all out during sweep months

106
Q

portable people meter

A

cell phone like device the picks up TV automatically

107
Q

C3

A

DVR shows watched with in three days

networks push for C7 because some people wait longer to watch shows

108
Q

important demographic characteristics

A
  1. ) geography
  2. ) age
  3. ) sex
  4. ) income
  5. ) employment patterns
109
Q

concentration

A
  • more media is owned by the same people
  • especially 5 dominate companies
  • they have conglomerates
110
Q

how does news set the agenda?

A

It doesn’t decide what you think but it decides what you think about

111
Q

gatekeeper

A

anyone who plays a hand in the selection process

112
Q

Mirror analogy in news

A

says that news functions just like a mirror but it’s not quite accurate

113
Q

Factors influencing news selection

A
  1. Newspeople
  2. org pressure
  3. technology
  4. factors with in the story
  5. audience
114
Q

what are some biases Newspeople could have?

A

political biased

subcultural bias

115
Q

political bias in Newspeople

A

news is influenced by the community it exists in and it’s audience

eg. Fox and republicans

116
Q

subcultural biased

A

news people studied the same things in college

-they have the same ideas about what should be covered

117
Q

what are some org pressures?

A

beat systems
pack journalism
regularized
deadlines

118
Q

beat systems

A

if something happens at this place- it is considered news

119
Q

pack journalism

A

journalists follow what other journalists cover

esp following the elite

120
Q

regularized

A

media has to fill up their space regardless of has happened in the world

121
Q

deadlines

A

stories have cut off times bc they have to be edited

-> demonstrators and others learn to accommodate for this

122
Q

technology as a news selection factor

A
  • more portable technology and satellites have made a difference in the influence and collection of the news
  • if you invest in expensive technology your gonna use it eg helicopters
123
Q

factors with in a story

A 
events
timelines 
drama
unusual 
proximity 
personalization
good film
124
Q

events in the news

A

media likes things hep owning a a specific place and time rather than in depth policy issues

125
Q

timeliness

A

events that have happened since the last release

126
Q

drama

A

searching with something with a beginning, middle, and end

- can get succession until drama is resolved eg presidential election

127
Q

conflict

A

makes drama more compelling

128
Q

unusual

A

preference to unusual and unpredictable

129
Q

proximity

A

closer to home- the more likely to be covered

- easier to cover and people kore interested

130
Q

personalization in the news

A

building stories around humans involved in them

- we can relate to and identify with them

131
Q

what does good film consist of?

A

quality and action ( car chase)

132
Q

audience

A

selecting stories that will attract a large audience (sensationalistic)

133
Q

important ethical issues in the news

A
  1. ) privacy
  2. ) basic obligation to fellow human beings
  3. ) conflict of interest
  4. ) court trials
  5. ) gifts/ payola
  6. ) reporting on crime
  7. ) stereotypes
  8. ) accuracy of film
  9. undercover reporting techniques
  10. checkbook journalism
  11. ) risks
  12. ) war photos
  13. taste
  14. shows threat of death
134
Q

privacy

A

the individual’s right to privacy vs the publics right to know

eg. press at funerals

135
Q

ethics concerning basic obligations to fellow human beings

A

should an journalist ever intervene in stores?

eg. Man lights himself in fire

136
Q

conflict of interest

A

different interests collide
-duties to different people( audience, employer, society) can push you in different directions
Ed. ABC talk show talks about new ride at Disneyland

137
Q

court trials ethics

A

-camera in court room might limit someone’s right to a free trial
could scare off witnesses and encourage made up stories
-could create prejudice jury members

138
Q

gifts and payola in ethics

A

giving journalists gifts for positive press

eg paying DJ to play certain records

139
Q

reverse payola

A

radio stations won’t at music of they don’t play at free concert

140
Q

junkets

A

movie studios will pay certain people to fly out to their movie premiers

141
Q

ethics in reporting on crimes

A

eg. Should rape victim’s name be made public?
eg. publishing crime details might encourage copy cats
eg. should you mention race/ gender/ sex which might encourage stereotype?

142
Q

stereotypes

A

some people don’t like how the media portrays them

eg. Italians on Jersey shore p

143
Q

white washing

A

casting white people to okay ethnic roles

144
Q

ethics whined accuracy of information

A

you are not suppose to make up evidence or quotes

eg national geographical moved the pyramids

145
Q

undercover reporting techniques

A

should you pose as someone your not to get information?

eg. posing as a McDonald’s worker to expose health violations

146
Q

checkbook journalism

A

reporters shouldn’t pay for information
– the info might not be accurate or credible
eg pay for an interview with friend of columbine shooter

147
Q

ethics behind risks

A

deals with if they media should be responsible for it’s representation of risk

  • focus on big sensational events that are quite unlikely to happen
    eg. Car crash vs plane crash
148
Q

ethics of was photos

A
  • war photos are rare

- are they insensitive or unpatriotic or are we not delivering the whole truth behind war without them?

149
Q

taste

A

eg. people diving off the world trade towers
beheaded photos
dead Tsunami victims

150
Q

shows with threat of death

A

extreme risks attract lucrative live audiences

eg. tight rope walking

is it ethical to put someone’s life at stake for financial benefit?

151
Q

railroads

A

help promote national ads and brands

152
Q

18-49 year olds targeted for ads because

A

young enough to not have established brand loyalty

  • more likely to live with other/ family ( buy more)
  • young people will be consuming longer
153
Q

scatter plans

A

a number of different ads scattered across a variety of shows ( sold in clusters by network)

154
Q

spots

A

just one ad ( contrast with cluster)

155
Q

sponsored

A

one ad buys all the space for a show

156
Q

institutional ads

A

don’t seal immediate sales of products

  • can be used to counter bad press
  • have a good image
157
Q

FTC

A

regulate ads through fines, cases, jail time, and distinct orders

158
Q

corrective ad

A

companies have to point out want they did wrong in a previous ad, correct the false info, and apologize
eg mini wears don’t improve children’s attention

159
Q

FCC

A

Federal Communications Commission

gets involved if it touches of issues of public importance

160
Q

counter ads

A

public service announcement

eg. one anti smoking ad for every 3 pro smoking ad

161
Q

rational appeal

A

stating the advantages of your particular product

162
Q

promise of status

A

people will admire you for your product

163
Q

testimonials

A

a particular tale from a particular person

eg. mom uses tide for her child’s dirty pants

164
Q

fear appeal

A

unless im you use this product you won’t be adjust in some way ( smell breath)

communication studies (2 decks)

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