class lectures part 2 Flashcards
0
Q
medium function of the media
A
- tied soley to the conditions of it’s use and general nature
eg. A place to go in a date= movie theater (this is a MATING FUNCTION where the content is irreverent)
1
Q
content function of the mass media
A
eg. votes guided for election by newspaper content, experience, & media itself
- weather channel guided how you dress
the information is MORE important than the experience!
2
Q
manifest function
A
-obvious set face function
eg. watching the news in the morning to…
learn about what is new in the world
eg. A car ad in a magazine..
To get people to buy cars
3
Q
latent function
A
more hidden functions of the mass media ( sometimes even subconscious)
eg. reading the newspaper in the morning so you don’t have to talk to your wife
eg. A car add in a magazine to remind people that they like the car they already own
4
Q
societal functions of the mass media
A
- ) status conferral
- ) passing in values and traditions
- ) narcotizing
- ) services out political system
- ) community and social cohesion
- ) services the economy
5
Q
status conferral
A
legitimizes an issue/ person/ organization/ social movement and brings us status
eg. if it is in the front page/ cover it tells us it is important
eg. 1960s civil rights movements= media told is it was important and to pay attention
6
Q
passing on norms, values, and traditions
A
media teaches us what is right and what is wrong. Some aspects include enforcement and homogenizing
7
Q
enforcement
A
media shows you who gets punished and for what
- sometimes mass media IS the punishment (embarrassing people)
eg. women left at the alter, fiancé goes on honeymoon without her and ends up in the NYT - media is widely criticized when it doesn’t up hold the status quo. Eg. Rap criticized
8
Q
homogenizing
A
mass media doesn’t show subcultural norm, values, and traditions
9
Q
narcotizing
A
(dopes us up)
- serves disfunction
- information overload
- focuses on superficiality
10
Q
services our political system
A
- informs us of upcoming elections
- people in out democratic government get their information from the mass media
11
Q
community and social cohesion
A
mass media connects us to other people by sharing common interest and concerns
- especially dramatic in times if crisis
eg. 911
12
Q
how mass media services the economy
A
online shopping
advertising
business section of the newspaper
13
Q
individual functions of the mass media
A
- guide behavior
- Guide understanding
- develop self concept
- professional tool
- facilitate interaction
- substitute interaction
- ) emotional release
- ) ritualize our lives
14
Q
how does mass media facilitate interaction?
A
it gives us things to talk about
15
Q
How does media help to develop self concept?
A
by giving you people you can identify with which causes is to create idea about ourselves and how we fit into the world
-also gives us both positive and negative role models
16
Q
how does mass media guide our understanding of the world
A
-defines reality & social construction of realities
eg what type of place is the world?
what does it mean to be a man or woman?
17
Q
mean world syndrome
A
TV makes people see the world as mean and violent
18
Q
what determines content of the mass media?
A
- legal system
- organizational procedures
- technological constraints
19
Q
how does the legal system determine mass media?
A
changes copy rite laws
eg. US didn’t recognize European copy rite laws so european books were cheaper causing American authors to have to develop a distinctly different style to profit
20
Q
how do organizational procedures determine the content of mass media?
A
- only a small fraction of things put out/ published end up in bookstores, theater, and radio
( music videos weren’t a thing until MTV was invented)
( market testing pop songs made it so immediately gratifying songs were more likely to be put out)
21
Q
how do technological constraints determine media content?
A
silent films=> talking => color=> animation
the 3 min song bc that’s how much discs could hold.
22
Q
cultural conventions
A
technological constraints become cultural conventions
- violating= risk of alienating people
- different in different cultures
eg. 3 min songs are normal
23
Q
what factors are considered in storage of media content?
A
- ) longevity
- ) capacity
- ) portability
- ) accessibility
- ) reproducibility
storage of media has political and social consequences (centralization v decentralization)
24
kitsch
low quality art
25
elitist view of mass media
mass media aims lower so they can make money which causes low art
26
populist view of mass media
there is nothing wrong to appealing to mass taste
27
memories in relation to film
film provides us with words and memories that stick with us throughout our lives "life is like a box of chocolate"
28
an example of films influencing our conceptions of reality
love and romance
29
persistence of vision
allows movies to work
| - visual image remains in the Reyna of the eye for a second after it is there
30
pictorial realism
short (1 min or less) films with simple movement
| eg. Waterfalls, Gondola in Venice
31
sustained narrative
in movies when the telling of stories became important
32
Age of Griffith 1906-1916
Hollywood is born
- films grew longer, more popular, and more profitable
- first nickelodeon
- movies could be a business
33
Importance of Birth of a Nation
showed that movies could be a business & also could really evoke emotion
34
Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC)
east coast based company that controlled almost everything related to movies
- people revolted against them hb moving to Hollywood
35
why Hollywood?
-Cheap land and Weather Rocks!
36
Hollywood in the 1920s
- became studios
- movie palaces built
- actors became like our royalty
- lots of sex scandals
- women emancipated
- FAST time
37
how did the advent of sound change Hollywood?
- the Jazz singer was the first talking film
- verbal comedy became popular
- more expensive dubbing required
- film became more popular
38
the golden age
difficult times in the word=> music helps people escapes from hard times
- average household goes to movies twice a week
- music/ comedies are popular
- movies that deal with social issues (gangsters) and patriotic films
- stars contracted by certain movie studios
- 7 studios control almost all films
39
Post World War 2 Decline causes
1. ) TV took people away from the movies
2. ) red scare
3. ) paramount case
4. ) forgiven films become more popular
40
red scare
concern about the spread of communism. House of American Activities Committees interviewed and put out a black list for people not allowed to work in Hollywood
41
paramount case
restraint of trade case argued that Film industry was an ologopery and that their vertical integration of Production, Distribution and Exhibition was not allowed= as a result studios got out if exhibition
42
reaction to post WW2 decline
- better film experience: wider screens, better color, improved sound systems
- more stunts
- films that would appeal to everybody
- epics +large scale
43
Take over of Hollywood by non Hollywood business interests
- caused by studios moving towards bankruptcy
| - really changed Hollywood because super focused in making $$
44
radical changes in the 1960s
-more artsy, experimental, and more specific audiences
- rise in independent films
-ride in social commentary
DID NOT LAST VERY LONG
45
youth
- more likely to go to theaters
- 3/4 of audiences between 16-30
- attracted to disaster pictures
46
blockbuster
-a widely successful film
eg jaws
-young people would go to these films and then going again and again
47
change in movie esthetics
plot and character driven => sensation driven
48
sequels
- continuing a story of previous movie
| - much less risky, already have audience,
49
remake
-the remaking of an old movie, but now with a new cast
50
prequels
telling a story that takes place before a previous film
51
reboots
staring a series over with a new take/ cast
52
based on other media content
eg. books(Harry potter), video games, comic books (Spider-Man), TV show
53
toys and games
Lego movies and transformers
54
$ making
- more money spent on movies than ever before
- cost sharing becomes popular
- now movies have to appeal to more people ( dumb down script esp. compared to radical changes)
55
why do actors make so much $?
- first weekend is very important to a films success
- people will go to films w/ their favorite actors
- esp important for international films
56
international
- increasingly important for films
- 70% of money made over seas
- action films
57
why are action films popular overseas?
(boys with Toys Travel)
- visual action, and physical humor transfers easier
- goal is to have films that are easily acceptable all across the world
58
CB(zero)
actors get a share of the profits after the studio breaks even
59
changes in release pattern
biggest cities-> big cities->cities-> small towns
- idea:word of mouth would spread the film
- Jaws changed this with a high profile national release
60
independent films
made outside of Hollywood systems. made for less money, without major stars, attract specialized audiences, edgier more serious & provocative
-follow old pattern of release
61
popular entertainment
movies were popular entertainment NOT art
62
self distribution
used to make indies (sometimes when studios don't finance them!)
-more film are distributed online
63
forgein films
go after similar audiences as indies
| -Americans aren't usually big fans of these but they have become really popular
64
cineplex
movie theaters with more than one screen
- have people more access to indies
- mostly found in the mall (have symbiotic relationships with malls)
65
megaplex
movie theaters with 20 or more screens
| -even more access to independent films
66
changing nature of theaters
people now encouraged to spend time there
- more lavish theaters with added restaurants and boutiques
- more of an overall social experience
increasingly owned by chains
( all this because theaters need ways to attract consumers bc people have lavish home entertainment systems)
67
changing nature of studios
- just financing and distributing agencies
| - actual work of production done by 100s of smaller companies
68
TV
TV and movies cooperate and coexist bc
- TV is a place to recycle old films
- movie studios make money off of Made for Television movies
- studios then started to make TV shows
69
sell through
selling directly to consumers
| especially popular with family films
70
Videos
putting films on videos (VHS, DVDs etc)
| - at first studios fought this but then they started to make tons of money off of it!)
71
direct-to-video
- movies never shown in theaters
- increasingly for sequels
- sometimes includes low quality animation
72
connubial experience
-the reason why we enjoy watching things with other people & why video WILL NOT kill the movie theater
73
other places to make money BEYOND THE BOX OFFICE
- airplanes
| - merchandise
74
audience for film
- most popular for youth
| - baby boomers also growing fast
75
Why is the teen audience important to movies?
->there films cost less to make
>only group that will see movies more than once
>don't pay attention to reviews
>eat more in theaters
76
teen males
see the most movies, and are impatient so they see them early
(important in determining opening weekend)
77
Females
- drove the success of the titanic
- girls go to movies in packs
- behind success of movies with strong female characters
78
most persuasive media
- it's high impact and high involvement pull you into it's world
(in WW2 propaganda used to motivate the troops)
- Film usually doesn't use it's capacity to persuade)--- we want to be entertained NOT deal with issues!
79
formulas/ cliches
eg. Bar tenders whipping the inside of a glass
used because they work an they entertain us!
80
1915 regulation decision
-supreme courts ruled that films are a business not a form of expression
and therefore NOT protected by the first amendment
-created demand for Hollywood to regulate itself
81
Hays Office and Code
Hollywood used this to regulate itself
- extremely restrictive rules
- movies had to pay fines if not followed
82
challenging the Hays Code
Howard Hues made a movies with a woman in tight clothes which didn't get approval, but he put it out anyways
83
miracle case
overturned the 1915 ruling
| - films SHOULD be protected by the first amendment
84
MPAA
- replaced the Hayes system
- started the rating system ( G, PG, PG-13, and R)
- all voluntary by studios but they face heavy pressure to do so
- PG13 movies make more than R rated on average
85
Digital
- replaced old film technology
| - made distributing films less expensive
86
Internet and film
- at first you could only get short films that didn't really work
- now it's so easy to download/ stream films that there is a BIG drop in sales for DVDs
87
how to studios choose what to make an support?
- It's all about minimizing risk
| they are operate like an insurance company
88
connecting
agents, talent seekers, ANR scouts, and acquisition editors find artists and connect them to big businesses
89
cooped
when studios fly our critics to premiers, pay for their hotel, and their food
90
cultural conventions
- the media promotes things that go with cultural conventions
- they minimize risk by going with things that have worked B4.
- people that have been successful B4 (actors, writers, directors)
eg. Suburban high school movie
eg. Desperate Housewives didn't get approved as a hour long comedy
91
secondary markets
all opportunities to make money on media beyond original domestic sale and format
eg. Airlines & merchandise
- more money can be made in secondary markets than in primary markets
92
syndication
when studios make previously aired shows available for any station for a profit
eg. Friends
93
why are CSI and Law and Order perfect for syndication?
>last min plot twists make people forget and watch again
| > they avoid serialization ( can be watched in any order)
94
over production with emphasis on block busters
- highly probable that any one product will not succeed so you assume that a few will hit big enough to cover the losses on anything else ( blockbusters are super hard to predict)!
95
horizontal Integration
using different aspects to promote each other
eg. fix owns entertainment weekly
96
how is media supported?
1. audience
2. ad
3. audience and ad
3. subsidized
97
audience supported
audience pays directly for the product
98
ad supported
program offered for free and money is made by selling audience to advertisers
99
audience and advertising supported
programs offered for fee and money is made by selling audience to advertisers
eg. magazines and cable TV
100
subsidized
eg. media supported by the government (eg NPR + PBS), private companies, and nonprofit organizations
101
AC Nielson
provides networks with ratings
102
people meter
meter that Nielson company uses
| - calculates the min by min viewing to determine the average number of people who watch a particular show
103
rating of 20
means 20% of households are watching a particular show
watching a particular show/ number of TV watching households
104
share
watching a particular show/ # number of homes with the TV on
105
sweeps
measure local audiences
| local channels will go all out during sweep months
106
portable people meter
cell phone like device the picks up TV automatically
107
C3
DVR shows watched with in three days
networks push for C7 because some people wait longer to watch shows
108
important demographic characteristics
1. ) geography
2. ) age
3. ) sex
4. ) income
5. ) employment patterns
109
concentration
- more media is owned by the same people
- especially 5 dominate companies
- they have conglomerates
110
how does news set the agenda?
It doesn't decide what you think but it decides what you think about
111
gatekeeper
anyone who plays a hand in the selection process
112
Mirror analogy in news
says that news functions just like a mirror but it's not quite accurate
113
Factors influencing news selection
1. Newspeople
2. org pressure
3. technology
4. factors with in the story
5. audience
114
what are some biases Newspeople could have?
political biased
| subcultural bias
115
political bias in Newspeople
news is influenced by the community it exists in and it's audience
eg. Fox and republicans
116
subcultural biased
news people studied the same things in college
| -they have the same ideas about what should be covered
117
what are some org pressures?
beat systems
pack journalism
regularized
deadlines
118
beat systems
if something happens at this place- it is considered news
119
pack journalism
journalists follow what other journalists cover
| esp following the elite
120
regularized
media has to fill up their space regardless of has happened in the world
121
deadlines
stories have cut off times bc they have to be edited
| -> demonstrators and others learn to accommodate for this
122
technology as a news selection factor
- more portable technology and satellites have made a difference in the influence and collection of the news
- if you invest in expensive technology your gonna use it eg helicopters
123
factors with in a story
```
events
timelines
drama
unusual
proximity
personalization
good film
```
124
events in the news
media likes things hep owning a a specific place and time rather than in depth policy issues
125
timeliness
events that have happened since the last release
126
drama
searching with something with a beginning, middle, and end
| - can get succession until drama is resolved eg presidential election
127
conflict
makes drama more compelling
128
unusual
preference to unusual and unpredictable
129
proximity
closer to home- the more likely to be covered
| - easier to cover and people kore interested
130
personalization in the news
building stories around humans involved in them
| - we can relate to and identify with them
131
what does good film consist of?
quality and action ( car chase)
132
audience
selecting stories that will attract a large audience (sensationalistic)
133
important ethical issues in the news
1. ) privacy
2. ) basic obligation to fellow human beings
3. ) conflict of interest
4. ) court trials
5. ) gifts/ payola
6. ) reporting on crime
7. ) stereotypes
8. ) accuracy of film
9. undercover reporting techniques
10. checkbook journalism
11. ) risks
12. ) war photos
13. taste
14. shows threat of death
134
privacy
the individual's right to privacy vs the publics right to know
eg. press at funerals
135
ethics concerning basic obligations to fellow human beings
should an journalist ever intervene in stores?
| eg. Man lights himself in fire
136
conflict of interest
different interests collide
-duties to different people( audience, employer, society) can push you in different directions
Ed. ABC talk show talks about new ride at Disneyland
137
court trials ethics
-camera in court room might limit someone's right to a free trial
could scare off witnesses and encourage made up stories
-could create prejudice jury members
138
gifts and payola in ethics
giving journalists gifts for positive press
| eg paying DJ to play certain records
139
reverse payola
radio stations won't at music of they don't play at free concert
140
junkets
movie studios will pay certain people to fly out to their movie premiers
141
ethics in reporting on crimes
eg. Should rape victim's name be made public?
eg. publishing crime details might encourage copy cats
eg. should you mention race/ gender/ sex which might encourage stereotype?
142
stereotypes
some people don't like how the media portrays them
| eg. Italians on Jersey shore p
143
white washing
casting white people to okay ethnic roles
144
ethics whined accuracy of information
you are not suppose to make up evidence or quotes
| eg national geographical moved the pyramids
145
undercover reporting techniques
should you pose as someone your not to get information?
eg. posing as a McDonald's worker to expose health violations
146
checkbook journalism
reporters shouldn't pay for information
-- the info might not be accurate or credible
eg pay for an interview with friend of columbine shooter
147
ethics behind risks
deals with if they media should be responsible for it's representation of risk
- focus on big sensational events that are quite unlikely to happen
eg. Car crash vs plane crash
148
ethics of was photos
- war photos are rare
| - are they insensitive or unpatriotic or are we not delivering the whole truth behind war without them?
149
taste
eg. people diving off the world trade towers
beheaded photos
dead Tsunami victims
150
shows with threat of death
extreme risks attract lucrative live audiences
eg. tight rope walking
is it ethical to put someone's life at stake for financial benefit?
151
railroads
help promote national ads and brands
152
18-49 year olds targeted for ads because
young enough to not have established brand loyalty
- more likely to live with other/ family ( buy more)
- young people will be consuming longer
153
scatter plans
a number of different ads scattered across a variety of shows ( sold in clusters by network)
154
spots
just one ad ( contrast with cluster)
155
sponsored
one ad buys all the space for a show
156
institutional ads
don't seal immediate sales of products
- can be used to counter bad press
- have a good image
157
FTC
regulate ads through fines, cases, jail time, and distinct orders
158
corrective ad
companies have to point out want they did wrong in a previous ad, correct the false info, and apologize
eg mini wears don't improve children's attention
159
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
gets involved if it touches of issues of public importance
160
counter ads
public service announcement
| eg. one anti smoking ad for every 3 pro smoking ad
161
rational appeal
stating the advantages of your particular product
162
promise of status
people will admire you for your product
163
testimonials
a particular tale from a particular person
| eg. mom uses tide for her child's dirty pants
164
fear appeal
unless im you use this product you won't be adjust in some way ( smell breath)
