Class (Internal) Flashcards

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1
Q

How do teachers label students?

A

Studies show teachers often attach labels regardless of pupils actual ability/attitude, instead on the basis of stereotyped assumptions about class background

Labelling M-C positively and W-C negatively

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2
Q

What sociologists carry out a large number of studies of labelling

A

Interactionists - study small-scale, face-face interactions such as in the classroom/playground

Interested in how people attach labels + effects on those labelled

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3
Q

Give an important interactionist study of labelling

A

Based on interviews with 60 Chicago high school teachers, Becker found they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted an image of the ‘ideal pupil’

Pupils’ work, conduct, + appearance key factors influencing judgement: M-C closes to ideal, W-C furthest because regarded them as badly behaved

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4
Q

Give an example of how teachers may have different notions of the ‘ideal pupil’

A

A more recent study of two English primary schools by Jorgenson found notions vary depending on social class make-up of the school

  • Largely W-C Aspen primary school - where staff said discipline was a major issue - IP was defined as quiet, passive and obediant - defined in terms of behaviour not ability
  • Largely M-C Rowan primary school - few discipline issues - IP defined in terms of personality + academic ability rather than a ‘non-misbehaving pupil’
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5
Q

Give an exmaple study of labelling in secondary schools

A

Dunne & Gazeley: ‘schools persistently produce W-C UA’ through labels + assumptions

Interviews in 9 English state SS:

  • T ‘normalised’ W-C UA , unconcerned by it, felt could do little/nothing - believed could overcome UA off M-C

Reason: T’s belief in role of home backgrounds: labelled W-C parents as uninterested but M-C supportive (e.g. paying music lessons, attending parents’ evenings)

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6
Q

How did teachers’ belief in home background in Dunne & Gazeley’s study lead to differences in teacher treatment?

A

Set extension work for M-C underachieving pupils, but entering W-C pupils for easier exams

Underestimating W-C potential + saw those doing well as ‘overachieving’

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7
Q

What do Dunne & Gazeley conclude?

A

Way teachers explained and dealt with UA itself constructed class differences in levels of attainment

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8
Q

Give an example study of labelling in primary schools

A

Occurs from the outset of educational career - Rist’s study of American Kindergarten found T’s use info from home background + appearance to place them into seperate groups, each seated at a different table

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9
Q

Give the 3 groups Rist identifies in study of American kindergarten

A
  • Decided fast learners : labelled ‘tigers’ tended to be M-C of neat + clean appearance
    Seated nearest, shown most encouragement
  • The other 2: ‘cardinals’ + ‘clowns’ - seated furthest away, ML W-C
    Given lower-level books to read + fewer chances to show abilities - e.g. had to read as group, not individuals
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10
Q

According to _____________ labelling can affect achievemnt by creating a ________-____________ ______________

A

Interactionists

self-fulfilling prophecy

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11
Q

Give 3 steps of SFP

A

S1: Teacher labels a pupil (intelligent), and on the basis of this label, maked preditctions about them (will make outstanding progress)

S2: T treats P accordingly, acting as if prediction is already true (more attention, expecting higher standard of work)

S3: P internalises T’s expectation, which become part of their self-concept/image - so become kind of P T believed them to be to begin with. prediction is fulfilled (gains confidence, works harder=successful)

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12
Q

Give an example study of how teachers’ expectations show SFP at work

A

Study of Oak community, a Calfifornian primary school, Rosenthal & Jacobson told the school they had a new test desgined to identify pupils would would ‘spurt’ ahead - in fact a standard IQ test - T believed this

Picked 20% randomly, falsely telling the school these where ‘spurters’ - A year later: found almost half had made sig. progress, the effect greater on youngest

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13
Q

How did Rosenthal & Jacobson’s study exemplify the SFP

A

Suggests teachers’ beliefs influenced by supposed results, conveying to P in interactions - e.g. body lang. amount of attention + encouragement

Simply by accepting predictions, T’s brought it about

Random selection: If T’s Believed P to be a certain type, they can make them into that type

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14
Q

What important principle did the study of Rosenthal & Jacobson illustrate?

A

Interactionist principle: what people believed to be true will have great effects - even if not true originally

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15
Q

What else can a SFP produce, other than significant progress?

A

UA - If T have low expectations + communicate them in their interactions - these children may develop a negative self-concept (see selves as failures= give up)

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16
Q

What streams are W-C and M-C pupils classed into?

A
  • As Becker shows W-C unlikely to be seen as ideal pupils - tend to see as lacking ability + have low expectations ∴ lower stream

Difficult to move up to higher stream - locked into T low expectations - ‘get the message’ T have written off as no-hopers
‘hopless cases’ ‘warehoused’ into bottom sets

Douglas found lower stream children at age 8 suffered a decline in IQ score by age 11

  • M-C benefit from process of streaming - likely placed in higher streams reflecting T view of them as ideal pupils

develop positive self-concept, gain confidence, work harder to improve grades

Douglas: higher stream age 8 had improved IQ score by age 11

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17
Q

Give a study that shows how teachers stream according to ‘ability’

A

Study of two London secondary schools by Gillborn & Youdell shows how T use stereotypical notions of ‘ability’ to stream pupils

T less likely to see W-C (+ black pupils) as having ability ∴ ML placed in lower streams + entered for low-teir GCSEs (denies knowledge + good grades + widens class gap)

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18
Q

Which policy did Gillborn & Youdell link streaming to?

A

Publishing league tables - schools must achieve good positions to attract pupils + funding

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19
Q

What did publishing league tables lead to?

A

What Gillborn & Youdell call an ‘A-to-C economy’

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20
Q

What does the A-to-C economy produce?

A

Gillborn & Youdell call this process ‘educational triage’ - typically used to describe process on battlefields or in major disasters wherby medics decide who is given scarce resources

The walking wounded, those that’ll die anyway (both ignored) + chance of survival (treatment)

Need to get good position in LT drives education triage

21
Q

What three types do schools categorise pupils as in the A-to-C economy? through process of triage

A
  • Those who pass anyway - can be left to get on with it
  • Those with potential - helped to get a grade C/ better
  • Hopeless cases, doomed to fail
22
Q

How do Gillborn & Youdell put their findings into broader context

A

While made use of Interactionist concepts such as teacher labelling + stereotyping in micro level, face-face interactions with pupils they also identified:

Schools operate within a wider ES whose ‘marketisation’ policies directly affect micro processes to produce CDIA

23
Q

How do pupil subcultures emerge?

A

Often a as response of pupils’ labelleling and a reaction to streaming in particular

24
Q

Which 2 concepts did Lacey develop

A

Differentiation - process of T categorising P according to how they percieve their ability, attitude and/or behaviour
Streaming is a form of this
Those deemed ‘more able’ are given high status by being placed in high stream - inferior status

Polarisation - Process in which P respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite ‘poles’ or extremes
In his study of Hightown boys’ grammar school -
streaming polarised boys into a pro and anti-school subculture

25
Q

Give 3 features of the pro-school subculture

A
  • largely M-C
  • tend to remain committed to values of school
  • gain status in approved manner: though academic success (ed. capital)
26
Q

Give 3 features of anti-school subcultures

A
  • largely W-C
  • suffer loss of self-esteem - school undermines self worth by placing in a position of inferior status
  • Alternative status gaining - involves inverting school’s values of hard work, obediance + punctuality
    from peers e.g. cheeking T, smoking

As lacey says: UA boy is ‘predisposed to criricise, reject, or even sabotage the system where he can, since it places him in an inferior position’

27
Q

What problems does alternative status gaining amongst anti-school subcultures create?

A

As Lacey says:

‘The boy who takes refuge in this group because his work is poor finds the group commits him to a behavioural pattern which means his work will stay poor - and in fact often gets progressively worse’

A-S SC likely to become a SFP of educational failure

Hargreaves - secondary modern school (similar response to streaming + labelling)

Boys in lower streams where triple failures ; Failed 11+ exam, placed in low stream, labelled as worthless ‘louts’

28
Q

What was one solution to this status problem in Hargreaves study?

A

for pupils to seek each other out and form a group within which status went to those who flouted school rules

In this way, they formed a delinquent subculture, helping guaranteed educational failure

29
Q

Give a study that exemplied the process of abolishing streaming

A

Ball’s study of Beachside, a comprehensive that was in process of abolishing banding (produced polarisation described by Lacey) - in favour of mixed-ability groups

When abolishment occured - the basis for pupils to polarise into subcultures largely dissappeared + influence of anti-school subcultures declined

However, differentiation continued - categorised pupils and labelled M-C cooperative + able - positive labelling reflected in exam results suggesting a SFP

30
Q

What does Ball’s study of Beachside show?

A

Class inequalities can continue as result of T labelling, even without effect of subcultures and streaming

Since study and especially the Education Reform act 1988 - has been a trend towards more streaming + variety of types of schools - some with a more academic curriculum than others

Created opportunity for T and Schools to differentiate between pupils on basis of class,gender,ethnicity and treat them unequally as studies of Gillborn and Youdell show

31
Q

What are other responses to labelling and streaming other than pro and anti-school subcultures

Give 4

A

Woods

Ingratiation - being ‘teachers pet’
Ritualism - going through motions and staying out of trouble
Retreatism - daydreaming and mucking about
Rebellion - outright rejection of everything the school stands for

32
Q

Do pupils commit to one response identified by Woods?

A

Furlong many not committed permanently to any one response

Move between different types, acting differently with different T’s

33
Q

Give the three evaluations of the labelling theory

A
  • Accused of determinsm - assumes labels means P have no choice but to fulfil the prophecy and inevitably fail, however studies such as Fuller’s show this isn’t always true
  • Marxists criticise labelling theory for ignoring the wider structures of power within which labelling takes place :
    - labelling theory tends to blame T for labelling P but fails to explain WHY
  • Labels not result of T individual prejudices, stem from fact that T work in a system that reproduces class divisions
34
Q

How is a groups habitus formed?

A

As a response to its position in the class structure

M-C have power to define habitus as superior + to impose it on the ES - ∴ Schools put higher value on tastes, preferences

35
Q

What is habitus linked to?

A

Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital - School has M-C habitus - gives M-C pupils an advantage while W-C is regarded as inferior

36
Q

Define symbolic capital and violence

A
  • Because schools have M-C habitus - pupils socialised into M-C tastes, preferences gain ‘symbolic capital’ or status and recognition - deemed to have worth and value from school
  • School devalues W-C habitus (e.g. clothing, appearance, accents) deemed tasteless + worthless

Bourdieu calls this withholding of symbolic capital ‘symbolic violence’

  • by defining W-C and tastes + lifestyles as inferior , SV reproduces the class structure + keeps W-C ‘in their place’
37
Q

What arises from W-C attending schools?

A

A clash between W-C habitus and school’s M-C habitus - experience education as unnatural/alien

Archer found that for W-C to be successful - would have to change the way they talk + present themselves

Thus - for W-C educational success often described as a process of ‘losing yourself’, unable to act ‘posh’, M-C spaces seen as not for the likes of us’

38
Q

What is the process that led to the creation of ‘Nike’ identities?

A

Symbolic violence led W-C to seek alternative ways of creating self-worth, status and value

Did so by constructing meaningful class identities by investing in ‘styles’, especially through consuming branded clothing; Nike : ‘people like us, they’re just: we’re Nike’ (Littleton school)

39
Q

Give 4 features of the ‘Nike’ Identities

A
  • wearing brands a way of ‘being me’ - without would feel inauthentic
  • Strongly gendered - girls adopted a h-hfi
  • Style performances heavily policed, not conforming was ‘social suicide’ - right appearance brought SC and safety from bullying
40
Q

What conflict did ‘Nike’ Identities lead to

A

conflict with school’s dress code - reflecting school’s M-C habitus, T opposed ‘street’ styles as showing ‘bad taste’ or even as threat, run risk of being labelled as rebels

41
Q

How did ‘Nike’ identities lead to stigmatisation + rejection of higher education

A

Archer argues school’s M-C habitus stigmatises W-C pupils’ identities - styles: performances of style + struggle for recognition, generating SC + self worth - while M-C see as tasteless

Unrealistic - not for ‘people like us’ - for richer, posher, cleverer people - wouldn’t fit in + seen as unaffordable, risky investment

Undesirable - wouldn’t ‘suit’ preferred lifestyles or habitus (e.g. don’t want to live on student loan as unable to afford street styles that give them identity

42
Q

What two effects do ‘Nike’ Identities induce in W-C pupils?

A
  • cause of educational marginalisation
  • expresses positive preference for particular lifestyle - as a result choose self-exclusion/elimination from ed - In other words - ‘get the message’ that education is not for the likes of them + actively choose to reject it as doesn’t fit in with identity or way of life
43
Q

What study displays the relationship between W-C identity and educational success?

A

Ingram’s study of two groups of W-C catholic boys from same highly deprived neighbourhood in Belfast

1- pass 11+ - grammar school, strongly M-C habitus of academic A + high expectations
2 failed - local secondary school, habitus of low expectations on UA P

found W-C identity inseperable from belonging to W-C locality - hood’s dense network of fam. + friends key part of habitus

44
Q

What did the neighbourhood’s dense network of fam. + friends provide

A

An intense feeling of belonging

As in Archer’s study, street culture + branded sportswear were key part of B’s habitus + sense of Identity

45
Q

Identify a source of conflict in Ingram’s study

A

W-C communities place great emphasis on conformity

Boys experiences a great pressure to ‘fit in’ particularly with grammar boys

Tension between habitus of W-C hood and habitus of school

46
Q

Give an example of a boy in Ingrams study that exemplified this tension

A

Callum - ridiculed by peers for wearing tracksuit on non uniform day

By opting to ‘fit in’ with hood habitus he was made to feel worthless by school’s M-C habitus

As Ingram puts it ‘the choice is between unworthiness at school for wearing certain clothes and worthlessness at home for not’

Example of SV - forced to abandon ‘worthless’ W-C identity to succeed

47
Q

What did Maguire write in relation to W-C identity and success

A

‘the W-C cultural capital of my childhood counted for nothing in this new setting’

48
Q

Give 3 studies where W-C habitus was a barrier to success

A

Group of 21 W-C girl in South London Comprehensive studying A levels - Evans found they where reluctant to apply to elite Uni’s of Oxbridge as few who did felt hidden barrier + nor fitting in

According to Bourdieu many W-C think of places like Oxbridge as not for the likes of us - feeling comes from habitus which includes beliefs about what opportunities really exist for them and whether the would fit in - becomes part of identity and leads to self-exclusion

Like Archer + Ingram: found G had strong attachment to locality - Only four of 21 intended to move away from home to study

As Reay et al points out self exclusion from elite, distant unis narrows options + limits success

49
Q

What do studies of Evans, Ingrams, Archers show

A

A constant pattern of M-C ES that devalues experiences and choices of W-C as worthless + inappropriate

AAR W-C often forced to choose between maintaining W-C identities/ abandoning them + conforming to M-C habitus of ES