class external

Question 1

What does it mean if children are culturally deprived

Answer 1

they lack the cultural equipment needed to do well at school and so they underachieve

Question 2

What are the three main aspects of cultural deprivation

Answer 2

• language
• parents’ education
• working-class subculture

Question 3

What does Hubbs-Tait et al say

Answer 3

where parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities, cognitive performance improves

Question 4

What does Feinstein say

Answer 4

educated parents are more likely to use challenging language with their children. also, parents’ own education is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement

Question 5

What do Bereiter and Engelmann claim

Answer 5

language used in lower class homes is deficient

Question 6

What does Bernstein talk about?

Answer 6

identifies differences between working class and middles class language that influence achievement. restricted and elaborated code

Question 7

Why do the differences in speech code give middle-class children an advantage at school?

Answer 7

the elaborated code is the language used by teachers, textbooks and exams.

Question 8

What did Douglas find?

Answer 8

working class parents place less value on education. as a result, they were less ambitious for their children, gave less encouragement and took less interest in theri education.

Question 9

What is the difference between educated parents’ and less educated parents’ parenting style?

Answer 9

educated parents: emphasises consistent discipline and high expectations

less educated parents: harsh or inconsistent discipline that emphasises doing as you’re told. prevents child from learning independence and self control leading to poor motivation at school

Question 10

Educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist their children’s educational progress. As a result, what behaviours do they engage in

Answer 10

reading to their children
teaching them letters
numbers
songs
poems
nursery rhymes
painting and drawing
helping with homework
actively involved in schooling

Question 11

What do Bernstein and Young say?

Answer 11

middle-class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development.

Question 12

Why does the working-class subculture make children fail at school?

Answer 12

large sections of the working class have different goals, beliefs, attitudes and values from the rest of society and this is why their children fail at school.

Question 13

What does Sugarman say?

Answer 13

working class subcultures have 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement

Question 14

What are the four key features which act as a barrier to educational achievement?

Answer 14

• fatalism: belief in fate
• collectivism: value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
• immediate gratification: seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices to get rewards in the future
• present time orientation: seeing the present as more important than the future

Question 15

What are compensatory education programmes?

Answer 15

tackles cultural deprivation

Question 16

Examples of compensatory education programmes

Answer 16

• sure start
• operation head start
• sesame street

Question 17

What does Keddie say about cultural deprivation?

Answer 17

victim blaming explanation - child cannot be deprived of its own culture and argues thath w/c children are culturally different, not culturally deprived.

Question 18

What do Troyna and Williams argue?

Answer 18

problem is not the child’s language, but the school’s attitude towards it. speech hierachy: m/c speech, then w/c then black speech

Question 19

What do Blackstone and Mortimore say?

Answer 19

attend few parents’ evenings not because of lack of interest but because they work longer or are put off by the school’s m/c atmosphere

Question 20

What does the term material deprivation refer to?

Answer 20

poverty and lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income

Question 21

Give three examples which support the statement that poverty is closely linked to educational underachievement.

Answer 21

• exclusion and truancy are more likely from poorer families
• nearly 90% of failing schools are located in deprived areas
• Flaherty: money problems in the family are a significant factor in younger children’s non attendance at school.

Question 22

How can poor housing affect pupils’ achievement both directly and indirectly?

Answer 22

directly: overcrowding - less room for education activities, nowhere to do hw, disturbed sleep. moving frequently, moving schools.
indirectly: child’s health and welfare. children in crowded homes run a greater risk of accidents. COld or damp housing can also cause ill health. families in temporary accommodation suffer more psychological distress, infections and accidents. more absences from school as a result.

Question 23

What does Howard note about young people from poorer homes?

Answer 23

young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. poor nutrition affects health, for example by weakening the immune system and lowering children’s energy levels. More absences and less concentration.

Question 24

What kind of problems are children from poorer homes more likely to have?

Answer 24

emotional or behavioural problems

Question 25

What does Wilkinson say about diet and health?

Answer 25

among 10 year olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders.

Question 26

What did Blanden and Machin find?

Answer 26

children from low income families were more likely to engage in externalising behaviour such as temper tantrums which is likely to disrupt their schooling.

Question 27

What does Bull mean by ‘the costs of free schooling’?

Answer 27

children from poor families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement.

Question 28

What did Tanner et al find?

Answer 28

costs of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators and sports equipment places a heavy burden on poor families.

Question 29

What does Flaherty say about free school meals?

Answer 29

fear of stigmatisation might explain why 20% of those eligible for free school meals don’t take up their entitlement.

Question 30

What do Smith and Noble add about financial support and the costs of education?

Answer 30

poverty acts as a barrier to learning in other ways, such as the inability to afford private schooling or tuition, and poorer quality local schools.

Question 31

What did Ridge find?

Answer 31

children in poverty take on jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds and that this often had a negative impact on their schoolwork.

Question 32

What happened to EMAs?

Answer 32

they were abolished by the coalition government in 2011

Question 33

What did Callender and Jackson find?

Answer 33

attitude to debt was important in deciding whether to apply to university. the most debt-averse students were over five times more likely to apply than the most debt tolerant students.

Question 34

What did Reay find about working-class students?

Answer 34

w/c students more likely to apply to local unis so they could live at home and save on travel costs, but this game gave them less opportunity to go to the highest status unis.

Question 35

What does Robinson argue?

Answer 35

tackling child poverty would be the most effective way to boost achievement.

Question 36

Who talks about three types of capital?

Answer 36

Bourdieu

Question 37

What are the three types of capital?

Answer 37

cultural, educational, economic