Class differences in educational achievement, EXTERNAL (evidence)

Question 1

Cultural deprivations - language evidence

Answer 1

Hubbs et al (2002)

Question 2

Hubbs et al

Answer 2

found that where parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities (for example, what do you think) cognitive performance improves. Leon Feinstein found that educated parents are more likely to use language this way

Question 3

Speech codes evidence

Answer 3

Basil Bernstein

Question 4

Basil Bernstein

Answer 4

identifies differences between working class and middle class language that influenced achievement. He distinguishes between two types of speech code:

RESTRICTED CODE - WC

ELABORATED CODE - MC

Question 5

Parents education Evidence

Answer 5

Douglas

Question 6

Douglas who

Answer 6

found that working class parents placed less value on education. As a result, they were less ambitious for their children, gave them less encouragement and took less interest in their education

Question 7

Use of income evidence

Answer 7

Bernstein and Young

Question 8

Bernstein and Young

Answer 8

found middle class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development. working class homes are more likely to lack these resources and this means children from such

Question 9

working class subculture evidence `

Answer 9

Barry sugarman

Question 10

what did barry sugarman find

Answer 10

he argues that the working class subculture has 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement:

fatalism
collectivism
immediate gratification
present time orientations

Question 11

myth of cultural deprivation

Answer 11

Nell Keddie

Question 12

what does Nell Keddie suggest

Answer 12

sees it as victim blaming

dismisses the idea that failure at school can be blamed on a culturally deprived home background

she states how children are culturally different rather than culturally deprived

Question 13

Diet and health evidence

Answer 13

Marilyn Howard

Question 14

what does Marilyn Howard suggest

Answer 14

people from poorer homes have low intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. poor nutrition affects health, for example by weakening the immune system and lower childrens energy levels

Question 15

cultural capital evidence

Answer 15

Pierre Bourdieu

Question 16

Pierre Bourdieu what eh suggests

Answer 16

he identified 2 other further types of capitals

cultural capital, educational and economic capital