Class differences in achievement - external Flashcards
What is social class?
A group of people who share a similar economic position in terms of occupation, income & ownership of wealth.
How can social class be determined in the context of education?
By looking at which pupils receive free school meals.
What are the three main external factors affecting achievement?
- Cultural deprivation
- Material deprivation
- Cultural capital
What is cultural deprivation?
A lack of cultural resources that affects educational achievement.
By what age are children from disadvantaged backgrounds typically behind their peers?
By the age of three, they are already up to one year behind.
What did Hubbs-Tait et al find about children’s cognitive performance?
It improved when they were asked questions that made them evaluate their understanding.
According to Feinstein, what is a key factor affecting a child’s achievement?
A parent’s own education.
What are the two types of speech codes identified by Bernstein?
- Elaborated code
- Restricted code
What is the disadvantage for working-class children regarding speech codes?
Schools use elaborated code more, disadvantaging those socialized with restricted code.
What values do working-class children internalize according to Sugarman?
- Fatalism
- Collectivism
- Immediate gratification
- Present-time orientation
What is the purpose of compensatory education programs?
To tackle cultural deprivation early on in households.
What does Keddie argue about cultural deprivation?
It is a myth; working-class children are culturally different, not deprived.
What is material deprivation?
Poverty and lack of material necessities such as adequate housing or income.
What did Flaherty link to underachievement in children?
Money problems in the family.
How can poor housing affect children’s education?
It may limit room for educational activities and lead to health issues.
What impact does diet have on children’s school attendance?
Poor nutrient intake can affect health and lead to absence from school.
What did Wilkinson find regarding social class and behavioral problems?
Lower social class is linked to a higher likelihood of behavioral or emotional problems.
What did Bull say about the costs of free schooling?
Poor children miss out on educational experiences due to lack of money.
What is the fear of debt’s effect on working-class students?
It causes them to avoid university.
What did Callender & Jackson find about working-class students and debt?
They are the most debt averse.
What is cultural capital according to Bourdieu?
The advantages that middle-class culture provides for educational success.
What are the three types of capital identified by Bourdieu?
- Cultural capital
- Educational capital
- Economic capital
What is ‘selection by mortgage’?
The idea that middle-class parents can afford houses in catchment areas of high-performing schools.
What did Sullivan find regarding cultural capital’s impact on achievement?
It only accounted for part of the class difference in achievement.
