Class differences in achievement external factors

Question 1

What is cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

Class differences in children’s development and achievement appear very early in life. For example people from poorer housing from the age of 3 are already a year behind those from more privileged homes.

Question 2

Why is language so important to education

Answer 2

Language is essential part of educations and the way parents communicate with their children can affect their intellectual development.

Question 3

What are speech codes?

Answer 3

These are two separate codes that can helped Bernstein determine between working class and middle class

Question 4

What are the two speech codes?

Answer 4

Elaborated code - middle class
Restricted code  - working class

Question 5

What is the restricted code?

Answer 5

This is the code that the working class tend to use. This only consists of a limited vocabulary, short,unfinished and simple sentences

Question 6

What is the elaborated code?

Answer 6

This is the code that is generally used by the middle class. This is has more of a wider vocabulary and longer complex sentences

Question 7

How is working class children put at a disadvantage because of this ?

Answer 7

They are put at a disadvantage because in school they usually use the elaborated code in exams, textbook and used by teacher as they believe is the right way to speech. This results in middle class having the advantage due to them feeling at home when speaking.

Question 8

How does parents education affect childrens education?

Answer 8

They affect it because their attitudes to education can determine how the children will look at school. As working class parents place less encouragement and less determination their children would also place less effort into it.

Question 9

How does their parenting style affect their achievement

Answer 9

This affects their achievement because the higher educated parents emphasises discipline and high expectations so the children would be determined to make them proud and they would also use praise to encourage them to carry on doing good work .

Question 10

How can their use of income affect their education?

Answer 10

The use of income can affect their education because with more educated parents they would convert their money into helping their children to advance into education such as buying educational books,toys and activities.

Question 11

How can working class subculture affect their education.

Answer 11

They can affect their education because their attitudes and values differ from the mainstream.

Question 12

What did Barry Sugarman say are the four key features that is acting as a barrier?

Answer 12

The four keys features are:
Fatalism- a belief in fate where you can’t doing anything to change their status
Collectivism - value being part of a group rather than an individual
Immediate gratification- seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices to gain pleasure in the future
Present time orientation- seeking present more important than the future.

Question 13

What is an example of a compensatory education?

Answer 13

Operation head start in the US that was introduced in 1960s which helped children who are deprived to develop skills and achievement education

Question 14

What is the myth of cultural deprivation

Answer 14

Nell Keddie says that cultural deprivation is a ‘myth’ and sees it as victim blaming. She says that someone can not be deprived of their own culture and they are just culturally different.

Question 15

What is material deprivation ?

Answer 15

This refers to poverty and lack of material necessities such as good housing and income.

Question 16

How is poverty closely linked to educational underachievement ?

Answer 16

Only a 1/3 of people who have free school meals are able to get 5 or more GCSEs compared to the other 2/3 and nearly 90% of failing schools are located in deprived areas.

Question 17

How can housing affect their underachievement (direct effect)?

Answer 17

Housing can affect their underachievement because is their house I’d overcrowded it can be a direct effect by making it harder for them to study and this means less room for educational activities

Question 18

What is a indirect effect of housing on childrens achievement?

Answer 18

Children in overcrowded homes are most likely to have accidents

Question 19

How can diet and health affect childrens achievement

Answer 19

Mayrilin Howard says that children from poor housing are more likely to have lower intakes of energy,vitamin and minerals which can make them prone to being ill

Question 20

How does financial support affect achievement?

Answer 20

This affects achievement because it is like a barrier which creates them to be held back form getting higher education as they don’t have the money for them so seek further education

Question 21

How does costs of education affect achievement?

Answer 21

This affects achievement because

Question 22

What is cultural capital

Answer 22

Bourdieu uses the term cultural capital to refer to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities of the middle class

Question 23

What does Bourdieu argue

Answer 23

Bourdieu argue that both cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievement and are not separate but interrelated

Question 24

What does Bourdieu say about educational, economic and cultural capital

Answer 24

He says that they can be converted into one another. For example the middle class are able to meet the demands of school qualification and gain qualifications.