Class Differeces In Achievement Flashcards
What do sociologists believe causes working class underachievement
Factors such as labelling , pupil subcultures
What did ROSENTHAL and Jacobson study demonstrate about self fulfilling prophecy
Falsely told teachers some students had higher in test results
- Teachers treated them better and 47% showed significant improvement as a result
What is the concept of pupil subcultures
Pupil subcultures are groups of students who form norms and bakes in response to treatment in school (e.g.streaming)
What is polarisation in pupil subcultures
- When pupils respond to streaming by developing either anti or pro school subcultures
What is differentiation in pupil subcultures
- Occurs when students in higher streams gain status and recognition reinforcing divide between different subcultures
How does labelling affect working class students
- Teachers may give less attention as they don’t fit ideal pupil stereotype - demotivating them and affecting achievement
What External factors do some sociology’s believe causes working class underachievement
Factors outside school such as cultural deprivation and material deprivation
What is cultural deprivation
Poor levels of language self discipline and skills
How does Keddie view cultural deprivation
Keddie argues cultural deprivation is a myth and a form of victim blaming
It overlooks underachievement is causes by education being dominated by middle class values
What are Bernsteins speech codes
Bernstein identified 2 speech codes - elaborated (formal) and restricted (informal)
Working class children disadvantaged as teachers and textbooks use elaborated code which middle class children more familiar with
How does working class subculture impact working class underachievement
Douglas found working class parents place less value on education and give less encouragement suc as help with homework
What is material deprivation
Poverty and lack of resources
What is the link between fear of debt and university applications
UCAS 2012 - showed when tuition fees increased, applicants fell by 8% - particularly from students from poorer backgrounds
How does diet and health affect achievement
Howard found young people from poorer homes have less intake of vitamins and minerals , weakening immune system and leading to higher school absence
What is cultural capital
- Knowledge, skills and values of the middle class which give middle class children an advantage in education
How do middle class parents use cultural capital
BOURDIEU argues middle class parents use cultural capital to improve children’s education - such as sending them to private schools
What did Sullivan study find about cultural capital
Sullivan surveyed 465 pupils and found those who read more complex fiction had greater cultural capital - wider vocab and knowledge (more middle class)
