Class and drugs Flashcards
Beta-Blocker
beta-adrenergic blocker
-olol (metoprolol)
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist
stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic = reduced sympathetic outflow = decrease in peripheral resistance, renal vascular resistance, heart rate, and blood pressure
Clonidine
Vasodilator
direct VASODILATION OF ARTERIES = lowered blood pressure
Hydralazine
Venodilator
forms nitric oxide = activate guanylate cyclase = increase cGMP = VASODILATION ON VEINS
Nitroglycerin
Antianginal
reduces intracellular sodium concentration = reduces calcium influx = reduces ventricular tension and myocardial oxygen consumption
Ranolazine
ARB/Neprilysin inhibitor
Angiotensin II blocker = vasodilation
Inhibits neprilysin –> decrease breakdown of peptides = vasodilation
Sacubitril/Valsartan
Cardiac Glycoside
Atrial fibrillation: suppression of AV node conduction = increase refractory period and decrease conduction velocity
Heart failure: inhibition of sodium/potassium ATPase pump = increase of intracellular sodium which promotes calcium influx = increased contraction force
Digoxin
Class III Antiarrythmic
inhibits adrenergic stimulation and prolongs the action potential and refractory period
Amiodarone
P2Y12 Inhibitor
irreversibly and directly blocks ADP from binding
Clopidogrel, Prasugrel
P2Y12 Inhibitor
reversible and allosterically changes ADP receptor so ADP can’t bind
Ticagrelor
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor
inhibits uptake of adenosine = inhibits platelet aggregation; irreversible inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase = inhibits (TXA2) formation
Dipyridamole/Acetylsalicylic Acid
Factor XA-Inhibitor
inhibition of factor Xa = decrease conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
-XABAN (Apixaban, Rivaroxaban)
Direct Thrombin Inhibitor
competitive, reversible, direct thrombin inhibitor = blocks thrombin from converting fibrinogen into fibrin
Dabigatron
Low Molecular Weight Heparin
makes antithrombin stronger = decreased conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Enoxaparin
Vitamin K Antagonist
Prevents conversion of vitamin K to active form = impairs formation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C & S (body’s natural coagulants)
Warfarin
Dipeptidyl Peptidase (DPP-4) Inhibitor
blocks DPP-4 from inactivating GLP-1 = stimulates insulin secretion/suppresses glucagon secretion
-GLIPTIN (Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin)
Sulfonylureas
increases insulin secretion from pancreatic B-cells
Glipizide, Glimepiride
Biguanide
decreases blood glucose (liver – decrease glucose production, intestine – increase glucose metabolism/decrease glucose absorption, muscle – increases conversion of glucose to glucagon)
Metformin
Thiazolidinedione (TZD)
increases glucose uptake in muscles
Pioglitazone
Meglitinide
stimulates insulin release from pancreas
Repaglinide
Glucagon-like peptide-I (GLP-I) receptor agonists
increases insulin release and decreases hepatic glucose output, gastric emptying, suppresses appetite
-GLUTIDE (Dulaglutide, Exenatide, Liraglutide, Semaglutide)
Sodium-Glucose-CoTransport 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor
inhibits SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules = reduced absorption of glucose from tubular lumen
-GLIFLOZIN (Dapagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Empagliflozin)
Insulin
Insulin Degludec, Insulin glargine
Bisphosphonates
inhibits osteoclast activity = decrease in bone breakdown & increases bone mineral density
Alendronate
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
increase estrogen = decrease bone reabsorption/turnover & increases bone mineral density
Raloxifene
Synthetic Thyroxine T4
converted to T3 = activation or repression of specific genes
Levothyroxine
Desiccated Thyroid
naturally derived thyroid replacement contains T4 and T3
Armour Thyroid
Antithyroid Agent
inhibits release of thyroid hormones = inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormones
Potassium Iodide
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI)
irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium ATPase (gastric proton pump)
-PRAZOLE (Omeprazole, Pantoprazole)
Histamine Type 2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RA)
blocks histamine at H2 receptor on parietal cell
Famotidine
Mucosal Protectant
forms a viscous paste adhesive that acts locally to protect gastric lining
Sucralfate
Antiemetics
Phenothiazine class – inhibits dopamine, histamine, and muscarinic (parasympathetic) activity
Promethazine, Prochlorperazine
Antiemetic
inhibits dopamine = enhances response to acetylcholine in upper GI tract and blocks signals to trigger vomiting
Metoclopramide
Antiemetic
5-HT3 receptor antagonist = block serotonin
Ondansetron
Anti-Diarrheal
works on mu and delta receptors in the gut/reduce abuse potential
Diphenoxylate/atropine
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
anticholinergic – blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in smooth muscles
Dicyclomine
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
increases cGMP = increase Cl secretion = increase intestinal fluid & GI transit is accelerated
Linaclotide
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Cl channel activator = increases intestinal fluid & increases poop transit
Lubiprostone
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis by binding to bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerases
Rifaximin
Constipation
osmotic agent = pulls water into stool
Polyethylene glycol
