Class + Achievement Flashcards
List all the Material factors that affects achievement:
- Diet and Health
- Poor Housing & Accommodation
- Financial Restriction/ Support
- Cost of Education
How do Material Factors affect achievement?
- Housing:
= overcrowding = difficultly studying, lack of space for educational activities, disturbed sleep, impaired development for younger children ( no space for safe play and exploration)
=Temporary accommodation = Disrupts learning (moving around)
= Cold/ damp = ill health = absence - Diet & Health
=weakened immune = Absence
-=Behavioral / Emotional Problem = Concentration Difficulty
= Bullying =
-
What are Internal Factors
factors within the schools and the education system that affects achievement such as interaction between pupils and teachers and inequalities
what are External Factors
factors outside of the education system which influences achievement such as the influences of the home and family background
outline external factors influencing class
- Cultural Deprivation
- Material Deprivation
- Cultural Capital
Outline internal factors influencing attainment
- Labelling
- Self-fulling prophecy
- Streaming
- Pupil subculture & identities
What do Cultural Deprivation theory argue
Argue that working class students arrive at school already under equipped to achieve because the families fails to socialize their children adequately and so these children grow up “culturally deprived”
what are the 3 main aspects of cultural deprivation
- Language
- Working Class subculture
- Parent’s Education
How does language effect education
Effects cognitive development thus their ability to benefit from the process of schooling
What did Hubbs-Tait et al noted in terms of achievement
Hubbs-Tait el al noted that educated parent would use language which challenged their children such as “what do you think?” whereas WC parents tend to use single word, disjoint phrases and closed questions such as “name this animal”
- believed this is the cause for lower educational performance from WC students
What did Fernstein found
Educated parents are more likely to use praise which encourages their children to develop a sense of their own competence
What are the Differences Berstein discover between MC & WC language
WC language use restricted code
- short, unfinished, grammatically simple sentences and context bound
MC language use elaborate code
- Long, grammatically complex sentences, context free, use varies communication styles and abstract ideas
Why are MC children at an immediate advantage
- Because schools favors their habitus and operate on the elaborate code through the likes of teachers, textbook and exams
What did Douglas found ?
WC Families placed less educational value and as a result :
gave less encouragement, were less likely to visit school, less likely to discuss their child’s progress with teachers and took less interest in Education
What does Feinstein found
parent’s education is the most important factor in affecting children’s achievement thus because MC parents were better education, they were able to give their children an immediate educational advantage via their parenting style, income and behaviors
How does Parenting style vary between MC/WC & how does this effect achievement?
MC parents emphasize consistent discipline and place high expectation on their children which supports achievement as it encourages active learning.
WC parents style is marked by harsh and inconsistent discipline which prevents the child from learning independence and self-control thus leading to poorer motivation at school and problems interacting with teachers
How can income effect attainment
MC parents have higher and surplus income thus can spend their income in ways that promote their child’s educational success. for example, Bernstein and Young found that MC mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities that can encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development
MC have the income to buy nutritious food to support the children’s development
WC have lower and restricted income so lack resources needed to further their children academically. Hence, WC children start school often without the intellectual skills needed to make progress
What does Sugarman argue
that WC sub-culture has 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement
what are the features of working class subcultures (explain)?
- Fatalism:
belief in fate and there is nothing you can do to change your status - Collectivism
valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual - Immediate Gratification:
seeking pleasure now rather than making the sacrifice for later
-Present time orientation:
seeing the present as more important than the future and not having any long term goals/ plan
What are the features of MC subculture
- Deferred Gratification: delay pleasure now for future reward
- Individualism: individual should be held back by group loyalties
- Meritocracy: believe hard work and effort can change your status
- High Value on Future planning
Criticism of Cultural deprivation theory
- Keddie: believe it is victim blaming. WC culture is not deprived, just different. School should adapt to those who are culturally different and challenges teachers anti-working class prejudices
- Troyna & William: it is not the language of the WC that is the probllem but the school’s attitude toward by failing to adapt to those who do speak in different speech codes
- Blackstone: disagree with the proposal that wc parent’s are not interested in their child’s education. They attend fewer parents evening due to their longer and more irregular working hours as well being put-off by the middle class habitus of school
What did Tanner found and impact on WC pupils?
cost of computers, books, calculators, uniform, sports, music
equipment, trips, food and art equipment put a heavy burden on poorer families. Therefore, children have to go without these equipment’s along with any extra-curricular activities or trip., thus putting them at an educational disadvantage
What did Flaherty found and what does Smith & Noble add on to this?
- found that 20% of those eligible for free school meals did not take up their entitlement for fear of being teased.
- poverty acts as barrier to education in other ways as well such as the inability to afford private schooling or tuition.
What are the impact of financial restriction for wc pupils
- W.C student who do go to universities are less likely to receive financial support from their families, hence more likely to go to local universities which meant they miss the opportunity to go to the higher status university
- University W.C student are more likely to work part-time to fund their studies which makes it more difficult to gain high class degrees
