class 9 Flashcards
What role does religion play in coping with dying and death, according to the information provided?
Religion helps individuals cope with dying and death by providing a sense of control, trust, and faith in a higher power. It offers solace, engages in rituals, and facilitates social connections, contributing to better understanding and coping with death.
What are the four functions of religion mentioned in the context of death and bereavement?
Religion provides a shared set of beliefs, values, and norms, answers to existential questions, a foundation for societal norms and laws, and emotional and psychological support during times of crisis.
What are the five dimensions of religiosity, and how can they impact a person’s approach to death and loss?
The five dimensions of religiosity are Experiential (emotional ties), Ritualistic (participation in ceremonies), Ideological (commitment to religious ideas), Consequential (integration into daily life), and Intellectual (knowledge about practices and beliefs). These dimensions influence how a person faces death, with Ritualistic engagement being highlighted for its importance.
What is secularization, and how does it relate to the process of losing influence of religious ideas in modern societies?
Secularization is the process in modern societies where religious ideas, practices, and organizations lose their influence in the face of scientific and other knowledge. It reflects a shift away from religious dominance and toward secular or nonreligious worldviews.
What are some secular concepts of immortality, and how do they differ from religious or mythic connotations?
Secular concepts emphasize rationalism and scientific methods, such as positivism, which values what can be directly observed. Symbolic immortality in secular views includes biological continuity through having children and making contributions to art, science, or heroic actions.
What is the potential impact of Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) on individuals, especially in terms of their psychological well-being, as discussed in the information?
Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) can have a profound impact on individuals. Notably, 65% make significant changes in their lives, with 10% undergoing radical transformations. Positive changes include reduced fear of death, a heightened sense of the importance of love, feeling a cosmic connection, and increased spirituality.
How do the psychological theories of Albert Heim and Noyes & Kletti contribute to our understanding of NDEs, and what are the key stages in Noyes & Kletti’s model?
Albert Heim’s theory suggests NDEs are a defense mechanism triggered by shock and depersonalization in the face of death. Noyes & Kletti’s model proposes three stages: resistance (recognizing and struggling against the danger of death), life review (affirmation of one’s existence), and transcendence (further detachment and cosmic calm). These theories provide psychological perspectives on NDEs.
According to the information, how do distressing Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) differ from typical positive NDEs, and what are the four categories of distressing NDEs?
Distressing NDEs are considered uncommon, with fewer than 10% experiencing them. They may involve frightening tunnel or light experiences, a sense of total aloneness, unpleasant imagery (e.g., demonic beings or hellish landscapes), and negative judgment from a higher being. The Greyson scale, emphasizing positive experiences, has been criticized for potentially overlooking distressing NDEs.
What are the two competing lines of thought regarding Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) mentioned in the information, and what challenges are associated with validating the existence of NDEs?
The two competing lines of thought suggest NDEs as proof of survival after death or as a response to the threat of death. Validating NDEs faces challenges, as experiences are subjective and cannot be verified. Additionally, skeptics question why NDEs are not universally reported if they are real.
How do heightened neural processing at death and neuropsychological explanations contribute to our understanding of Near-Death Experiences (NDEs)?
Studies, like the one on rats undergoing cardiac arrest, suggest heightened neural processing at death. Neuropsychological explanations propose that NDEs may result from temporal lobe paroxysms, cerebral anoxia, endorphin releases, hallucinations, medications, and sensory deprivation. These explanations aim to understand the neurophysiological basis of NDEs.
In the video, the woman experienced Near-Death for an astonishing 90 minutes. How does this striking point contribute to questioning our understanding of death, as mentioned in the information?
The woman’s prolonged Near-Death Experience challenges conventional understandings of death, prompting a reconsideration of our comprehension of the dying process. This extended period of being in a state close to death raises questions about the nature of death that may go beyond conventional expectations.
What are the nine characteristic elements of Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) as outlined in the information, and how do they contribute to the overall phenomenon?
The nine elements of NDEs include the sense of being dead, peace and painlessness, out-of-body experiences, tunnel experience, encounters with beings of light or a divine presence, life review, rising into the heavens, and reluctance to return. These elements collectively define the profound psychological events with transcendental and mystical elements that constitute NDEs.
According to Kenneth Ring’s findings, how do Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) differ between those caused by illness and accidents, particularly regarding the “life review” element?
Kenneth Ring found that NDEs due to illness were more likely to have characteristic elements, including the “life review.” Interestingly, over half of NDEs related to accidents also had the “life review” element, in contrast to only 16% of those resulting from medical illness or attempted but incomplete suicide.
How does the information describe the phenomenon of NDE, and what cross-cultural evidence supports the occurrence of NDE, even in non-religious individuals?
Approximately 23 million people in the US have died briefly or come close to death, with 8 million having some sort of NDE. The International Association for Near Death Studies has conducted numerous studies globally since the 1980s. Cross-cultural evidence, as shown in a 2013 study, indicates the occurrence of NDE even in non-religious individuals.
What did Van Lommel et al.’s survey reveal about Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) in patients who survived a cardiac arrest, and how did the characteristics of NDEs align with demographics and factors such as religion and education?
Van Lommel et al.’s survey involved 344 patients who survived cardiac arrest, with 18% reporting an NDE, none of which were distressing. NDEs were significantly associated with younger age (under 60) and were not linked to religion, education, medication, or foreknowledge of NDE. The survey demonstrated a consistent ability of participants to retell their NDE stories even after two and eight years, which is unusual due to the expected fading of memory traces.
