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NEURO 1 > Class 6 & 7 - Brain, Internal Structures & Functions > Flashcards

Class 6 & 7 - Brain, Internal Structures & Functions Flashcards

1
Q

The three parts of the brainstem are the…

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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2
Q

What is the reticular formation, where is it?

A

a netlike region of interspersed gray and white matter which extends the length of the brain stem

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3
Q

What is contained in the medulla oblongata?

A

all the ascending and descending tracts (white matter) that extend between the spinal cord and brain

the pyramids and decussation of the pyramids (the corticospinal tracts)

the olives containing the olivary nuclei (gray matter)

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4
Q

Where are the olivary nuclei found?

A

lateral to each pyramid in the medulla oblongata

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5
Q

What nuclei are found in the medulla oblongata?

A 
olivary nuclei, inferior olivary nucleus
cardiovascular center
medullary respiratory center
vomiting center
deglutition center
gracile nucleus
cuneate nucleus
gustatory nucleus
cochlear nuclei
vestibular nuclei
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6
Q

What does the medial lemniscus contain?

A

axons of the gracile and cuneate nuclei

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves have nuclei in the medulla oblongata?

A

VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII
(or cranial nerves 8-12)

or
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
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8
Q

What is the main function of the pons?

A

it’s a bridge that connects different parts of the brain, including the left and right sides of the cerebellum

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9
Q

Where are the cerebellar peduncles found?

A

in the white matter of the pons

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10
Q

Which of the cerebellar peduncles is the largest?

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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11
Q

What are the two regions of the pons?

A

ventral and dorsal

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12
Q

Where in the pons are the pontine nuclei found? What is their function?

A

ventral region

coordination/efficiency of voluntary movement

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13
Q

What is contained in the dorsal region of the pons?

A

ascending and descending tracts

nuclei of some cranial nerves

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14
Q

What can be found in the grey matter of the pons?

A

the pontine respiratory group (nuclei)
the nuclei of the trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

or cranial nerves 5-8

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15
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

in the midbrain

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the midbrain?

A

the anterior tegmentum

the posterior tectum

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17
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles found?

A

anterior midbrain

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18
Q

What is the function of the mammillary bodies adjacent to the tegmentum? What brain structure are they part of?

A

relay stations for olfaction reflexes

hypothalamus

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19
Q

The tectum is composed of what four rounded grey matter elevations?

A

2x superior colliculi

2x inferior colliculi

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20
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

visual activity reflex center

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21
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

reflex centers for startle reflex, part of auditory pathway

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22
Q

The left and right substantia nigra are found in which part of the brain?

A

midbrain

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23
Q

The left and right red nuclei, as well as the periaqueductal gray matter, are found where?

A

midbrain

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24
Q

The nuclei for the oculomotor and trochlear nerves are found where?

A

in the gray matter of the midbrain

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25
The ascending portion of the reticular formation is called the...
reticular activating system (RAS)
26
What sensory information can activate the RAS?
``` visual auditory pain touch pressure proprioception ```
27
What sensory information does the RAS not receive?
smell
28
What 4 things does the descending portion of the reticular formation regulate?
heart rate blood pressure respiratory rate muscle tone
29
The cerebellum is only 1/10th of the mass of the brain, but it contains ____ of the neurons in the brain
almost half
30
What are three examples of when the RAS is active?
1. during arousal (awakening from sleep) 2. maintaining attention 3. preventing sensory overload by filtering insignificant info
31
What does inactivation of the RAS produce?
sleep
32
What are the two cerebellar hemispheres separated by?
vermis
33
What type of matter is on the surface and in the core of the cerebellum?
gray
34
What are in the core of the cerebellum?
cerebellar nuclei
35
Name the 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles:
1. superior cerebellar peduncle (axons to red nuclei and thalamus) 2. middle cerebellar peduncle (largest) 3. inferior cerebellar peduncle
36
Where does the middle cerebellar peduncle contain axons from?
pontine nuclei
37
What 4 areas does the inferior cerebellar peduncle contain axons from?
1. spinocerebellar tracts 2. from and to vestibular apparatus 3. from inferior olivary nucleus 4. to the reticular formation
38
What are the 4 functions of the cerebellum?
1. monitoring INTENTION for movement 2. monitoring actual movements 3. comparing intention with actual movement 4. correcting discrepancies
39
What are the 3 portions of the diencephalon and what ventricle is it located?
Portions: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus Located in the third ventricle
40
What structure composes 80% of the diencephalon?
thalamus
41
What does an interthalamic adhesion do?
connects both thalami
42
What is the thalamus a major relay station for?
most sensory impulses from the spinal cord and brain stem to the cerebral cortex.
43
What is the major role of the hypothalamus?
major regulator of homeostasis (monitors sugar levels, hormone concentration and temp)
44
Where does the hypothalamus receive impulses from?
Somatic and visceral receptors, and from vision, taste and smell
45
What gland is the hypothalamus connected to?
hypophysis (pituitary) gland
46
Where is the epithalamus located?
superior and posterior to thalamus
47
What 2 things does the epithalamus consist of?
1. pineal gland | 2. habenular nuclei (anterior to pineal gland)
48
What does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
49
What area is involved in emotional responses to olfaction?
habenular nuclei
50
The subarachnoid space and the fourth ventricle are connected via...
the median and 2 lateral apertures
51
The three gray matter structures at the core of the cerebrum are together called the ____ and individually they are:
basal ganglia globus pallidus putamen caudate nucleus
52
What is the role of the basal nuclei?
``` help initiate and terminate movement regulate muscle tone regulate emotional behaviour control subconscious muscle contraction help initiate & terminate attention/memory/planning ```
53
The descending portion of the RAS helps regulate what 4 things?
muscle tone HR BP respiratory rate
54
The white matter in the core of the cerebellum is called the...
arbor vitae
55
The pineal gland protrudes from...
the third ventricle
56
The primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex is just posterior to the...
primary motor area
57
The primary visual area/visual association area is in the...
occipital cortex
58
The association tracts of the cerebrum are found between...
the gyri
59
The commissural tracts of the cerebrum have what role? What are the 3?
connect the cerebral hemispheres corpus callosum anterior commissure posterior commissure
60
What are the 3 types of tracts found in the cerebral white matter?
association commissural projection
61
Why is aphasia less likely after a stroke in women?
there is less hemispheric lateralization
62
Alpha brain waves are associated with what states?
normal/awake/resting/eyes closed
63
Delta brain waves are associated with what states?
deep sleep in adults if in awake adults: brain damage normal in awake infants
64
Theta brain waves in adults are associated with what states?
emotional stress/brain disorder

NEURO 1 (11 decks)

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