Class 3-5 Flashcards
1
Q
The _____ forms the forehead and part of the roof of the cranium.
A
frontal bone
2
Q
The posterior boundary of the frontal bone is called the _________.
A
coronal suture.
3
Q
The ____ bone forms most of the cranial roof and part of its lateral walls.
A
parietal.
4
Q
The parietal bone is bordered by the _____, ______,______, and the ________ sutures.
A
Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamous
5
Q
The sagittal suture is between the _______bones.
The coronal is at the ________ margin. The lambdoid is at the ______ margin. The squamous is at the ________ border.
A
parietal, anterior, posterior, squamous.
6
Q
Two _____lines serve as attachment of the termporalis muscle.
A
temporal
7
Q
The _____bone forms the lateral wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity and includes 3 parts. They are the ______ part, _____part and the _______part.
A
temporal, squamous, tympanic, mastoid.
8
Q
The occipital bone forms the _____ and _____base of the skull.
A
rear, base
9
Q
The ________ __________ holds the spinal cord.
A
foramen magnum
10
Q
The skull rests on the the ______ at the ______ condyles.
A
atlas, occipital
11
Q
The superior and inferior ______ lines mark the ______ muscles
A
nuchal, neck
12
Q
The _______ ______ houses the pituitary gland in the ______ bone.
A
Sella turcica, sphenoid
13
Q
There are _______ facial bones and they have no _______ contact with the _________or _________.
A
14, direct, brain, meninges
14
Q
The facial bones give support to the _____, give _____ and ______ to the face, form part of the ____and _____ cavities and provide attachments for _____ of ____expression and mastication.
A
teeth, shape, individuality, orbital, nasal, muscles, facial.
15
Q
The _____bones form are the largest facial bones. They form the upper _____, the ______ wall of the orbit and forms most of the _____ _______.
A
maxillary, jaw, inferomedial, hard palate.
16
Q
The maxillary _____ fills the _______ bone.
A
sinus, maxillae
17
Q
The _____, ____,_______,______ bones all have sinuses.
A
Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, parietal
18
Q
The ________bones form the angles of the cheekbones and part of the lateral ____orbital wall. It is also known as the _____________foramen.
A
zygomatic, zygomaticofacial
19
Q
______bones form the bridge of the nose and they support ________that shape the lower portion of the nose.
A
Nasal, cartilage
20
Q
There are three ______ in the nasal cavity. The inferior nasal ______is not only a ________bone but the ______of the three.
A
conchae, concha, separate, largest.
21
Q
A ____process bears the mandibular _____, which is an oval knob that articulates with the _____ _____ of the temporal bone. This forms the _________ _________.
A
condylar, condyle, mandibular process, temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
22
Q
The _____ process is the point of insertion of the _______ muscle.
A
coronoid, temporalis.
23
Q
The two primary components of the TMJ are: ____acting on the TMJ and the _____disc, which is composed of dense, ____ _____tissue, is ______ in shape like an RBC and has no ____ or _______ ___ itself.
A
muscles, articular, fibrous, connective, biconcave, nerves, blood vessels.
24
Q
The _____ has a broad, fan shape and functions in the ____ of the mandible, as well as _______ and ________.
A
temporalis, elevation, retraction, mastication.
25
The ______ _____ is the biggest culprit in TMD. It is deep within the ____ and ____ ear, and attaches to the the ____disc and _____. It functions in _______, lateral ______ and _______. The ______ also stabilizes the disc during chewing.
lateral pterygoid, jaw, ear, articular, condyle; depression, deviation, protrusion; lateral pterygoid.
26
The _____ ______ is the secondary cause of TMD and it functions to ____ the mandible with the masseter and the temporalis. It also functions in ______ deviation and ______.
medial pterygoid, elevate; lateral, protrusion.
27
The ____ is a powerful muscle, and the source of _____ points. It functions in _______ and _____ of the jaw. Superficial and deep fibers work in _______ actions of protrusion and retraction for mastication.
masseter, trigger; occlusion, elevation; opposing
28
The origin is the bony attachment at ______end of the muscle.
origin, stationary
29
The insertion is the bony attachment to the _____end of the muscle.
mobile
30
The muscles of the neck originate on the ______ _____, ________ _____ and _______ _____. They insert on the _____ bones.
vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle; cranial
31
The neck flexors are the ______ and the _______.
| The neck extensors are the _____ and the ________.
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes; trapezius, splenius capitis.
32
The SCM originates on the ______ and the _______ 1/3 of the clavicle and inserts into the _______ process. The SCM allows to ______ and ______ flex to the same side, but _____ to the opposite. It also has the ability to _________ contract with forward flexion of the ______ spine.
manubrium, medial, mastoid; unilaterally, laterally, rotate; bilaterally, cervical.
33
The anterior and middle ______ originate at the transverse processes ____-__ and insert into the ___ rib and help in the ______ of the ribs in _______ and cervical forward flexion.
scalesn, C3-6, 1st, elevation, inhalation.
34
The anterior and medial scalenes are usually involved in the entrapment of _______ _____ ______.
brachial plexus nerves
35
The posterior ________ originate at the transverse processes __, ___ and insert into the ___rib. Its action involves cervical _____ and lateral _____. The posterior ____ is deep to the _____ and is involved with trigger point pain patterns.
scalenes, C6, 7, extension, flexion.
36
The _____is the most superficial of muscles on the back, but the _______ is deeper than it.
trapezius, splenius capitis
37
The trapezius originates at the _____ and the _____ processes _____-____ and inserts at the spine of the _______ and __________. It functions in ______ retraction/elevation and ______ extension/rotation/lateral flexion.
occiput, spinous, C1-T12, scapula, acromion; scapular, cervical
38
The splenius capitus originates at SP ___-___ and inserts at the ______ to the _______. Its action is _____ extension and ______ flexion and _____ to the same side.
C7-74, occiput, mastoid process.
39
Muscles involved in facial expression insert in the _____ and ______ tissues. They are innervated by _____ _____ (____ ___). In paralysis the face _____. These muscles are found in the _____, _____, around the ______, _____ and ____ and in the ______.
dermis, subcutaneous, facial nerve (CN VII); sags; scalp, forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, neck.
40
The _______ muscle ________ the eyebrows and is part of the __________.
frontalis, aponeurotica
41
The ______ ___ closes the eyes tightly; the _____ ______ purses the lips.
orbicularis oculi; orbicularis oris.
42
The facial skin overlying the muscles is ____ and has less ______ in the _______ and is highly ________.
thin, elastin, dermis, vascularized
43
The _____ and ______ systems maintain internal coordination.
endocrine, nervous
44
The _______ communicates by means of _______ messengers (________) secreted into the _______. The _______ employs _______ and ______ means to send messages from ___ to ____.
endocrine, chemical, hormones, blood; nervous system, electrical, chemical, cell, cell.
45
The nervous system carries out its task in three steps: ______ receive information about changes in the ____ and the ____ _____ and transmit coded messages to the ______ ___ and _____. The ____ and _____ ___ processes this information, relates it to past ______, and determine what response is appropriate to the circumstances. _____ and ____ ___ issue commands to ____ and ____ cells to carry out such a response.
sense organs, body, external environment, spinal cord, brain; brain, spinal cord, experiences. brain, spinal cord, muscles, gland.
46
The central nervous system consists of the ______ and _______ ___ enclosed in ______ coverings. They are respectively closed by the ____ and the ____ ____.
brain, spinal cord, bony coverings; cranium, vertebral column.
47
The _____ ______ _____ consists of all the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord and is composed of _____ and _____.
peripheral, nerve, ganglia
48
A ____ is a bundle of axon fibers wrapped in fibrous connective tissue.
nerve
49
____ is a knot-like swelling in a ____ where ____cell bodies are concentrated.
ganglia, nerve, neuron
50
_____(______) division carries ____ signals from various receptors to the CNS.
sensory (afferent), sensory
51
The PNS can be further subdivided into the ______ ______ ____ which carries signals from receptors in the ___, ______, ______ and joints; and the ____ _____ _____ which carries signals from the _____ of the _____ and _____ cavities--namely the: ____, _____, _____ and _____ ______.
somatic sensory division, skin, muscles, bones, joints; visceral sensory division, viscera, thoracic, abdominal cavities, heart, lungs, stomach, urinary bladder.
52
The _____(______)division of the PNS carries signals from the CNS to _____ and _____ cells that carry out the body's response.
motor (efferent), gland, muscle
53
______ are cells and organs that respond to commands from the CNS
effectors
54
The _____ ____ division of the PNS carries signals to skeletal muscles and is involved with ______ muscle contractions.
somatic motor, involuntary
55
The _____ ________ division (______ _____ _____) carries signals to the glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. These responses are _____.
visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)
56
The _____ division rouses the body for action.
sympathetic
57
The ______division tends to have a calming affect, slows ______ rate and ________ and stimulates _____ and _____ systems.
parasympathetic, heart, breathing, digestive, urinary
58
Grey matter consists of _______ ___ ____ with little ______ and is the site of _______ processing.
White matter consists of abundantly ________ axons which carry signals from one part of the CNS to another.
neuron cell bodies, myelin, information; myelinated
59
The grey commissure of the grey matter is punctured by a central ____ lined with ____ cells and filled with ____.
canal, ependymal, CSF
60
____ ___ in the spinal cord surrounds ______ _____ and consists of bundles of _______ that course ___ and ____ the cord. These are called _______ and _______ tracts.
white matter, grey matter, axons, up, down, ascending, descending.
61
The spinal cord ends at _____ and becomes the _____ ____.
L1, cauda equina
62
____ (____) nerves carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS. _____(______) nerves carry signals from the CNS to the ____ and _____.
sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), muscles glands.
63
There are ____ cervical nerves, ___ thoracic, ___ lumbar, ____ sacral, and ___ coccygeall nerves.
8, 12, 5, 5, 1
64
Each spinal nerve has two points of attachment to the spinal cord, ____ (___) which is sensory output to the spinal cord and _____ (_____) root is motor output out of the spinal cord.
posterior (dorsal), anterior (ventral)
65
The cervical plexus in the ____ goes from ___ to ___ and supplies the ____ and ____ nerve to the diaphragm.
neck, C1, C5, neck, phrenic
66
The brachial plexus is near the ______ and goes from ____ to ____ and supplies the upper ____ and some of the ____ and ____. It is the median nerve that is associated with _____ _____ syndrome.
neck, C5, T1, limb, neck, shoulder; carpel tunnel
67
The lumbar plexus is in the ______ ___, from ___ to ___ and supplies the _____ wall, anterior _____ and _____.
lower back, L1 to L4, abdominal, thigh, genitalia
68
The sacral plexus is in the ____ at ___, ___, and ___ to ___
pelvis, L4, L5, S1, S4.
69
The coccygeal plexus is at ___, ___ and ___
S4, S5, C0
70
_______ function carries sensory signals from the bones, joints, muscles and the skin, via _____.
somatosensory, proprioceptors.
71
_____ functions primarily stimulates muscle contraction.
motor
72
______ are the membranes of the CNS. The outermost is the _____, the middlemost is the ______ and the innermost is the_______.
meninges, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
73
The ________ _____ lies between the arachnoid and pia mater and is filled with ______ ___. All ____ _____ entering the brain, as well as _____ nerves pass through this space.
subarachnoid space, cerebral spinal fluid; blood vessels, cranial
74
________is inflammation of the meninges and is caused by _____ and ______ invasion of the CNS by way of the ____ and ____. The ___ mater and ____ are often most affected.
meningitis, bacterial, viral, nose, throat, pia, arachnoid
75
Bacterial meningitis can cause swelling of the ____, enlarging of the _______ and ______. Signs include, high _____, stiff ____, _____ and intense______.
brain, ventricles, hemmorrhage; fever, neck, drowsiness, headache
76
Neurons are characterized by ______: the response to environmental changes; ______: the response to stimuli by producing ____ signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations; _____ when ____ signals reach the end of nerve fiber, a chemical _______ is secreted that crosses the gap and stimulates the next cell.
excitibility; conductivity; secretion, electrical, neurotransmitter
77
A _____ (_____) neuron is a functional type of neuron that is specialized to detect ______ and transmit ______ about them to the CNS.
sensory (afferent), stimuli, information
78
______ are functional neurons that receive signals from many neurons and carry out the integrative function. They _______ ______ that determine how the body will respond to stimuli. ______% of all neurons are _______.
interneurons; make decisions, 90%, interneurons.
79
_____(_______) neurons send signals out to muscles and gland cells. _____ neurons conduct signals away from the CNS.
motor (efferent); effector
80
______ is the control center of the neuron.
soma
81
______ are vast number of branches coming from a few thick branches from the soma. They are the primary site for receiving signals from other _____. The more ______ a neuron has, the more ____ it can receive and incorporate into _____ ______.
dendrites; neurons; dendrites, information, decision making
82
An ____ originates from a mound on the side of the soma called the ____ ____, and it specializes in rapid ______. ____ cells and _____ sheath enclose the _____.
axon, axon hillock, conduction; Schwann, myelin, axon
83
____ or ____ cells support and protect the neurons, and bind neurons together to form a ____ for nervous tissue.
neuroglial, glial, framework
84
_____ form myelin sheath in the CNS.
oligodendrocytes
85
______cells secrete circulate CSF which bathes the CNS.
ependymal
86
_____ wander in search of cellular debris to _____.
microglia, phagocytize
87
____ are the most abundant glial cells and they cover the entire ____ surface and most ______ regions of the neurons in the grey matter of the CNS.
astrocytes, brain, nonsynaptic
88
_____ or _____ is when the neuron is damaged and _____ form scar tissue and fill space formerly occupied by the neuron
astrocytosis, sclerosis, astrocytes
89
_____ cells envelop nerve fibers in the PNS, wind repeatedly around the nerve fiber, and produce a _____ _____ similar to the ones produced by the _____ in the CNS. The ____ cells assist in regeneration of damaged fibers.
Schwann, myelin, oligodendrocytes, Schwann
90
_____ consists of __% protein and ____% lipid.
Myelin, 20, 80
91
The gap between myelin sheath segments is called the ____ of _____.
Nodes of Ranvier.
92
_____ is a degenerative disorder of the myelin sheath.
multiple sclerosis
93
_____ is a hereditary disorder of infants in Eastern European Jewish ancestry
Tay-Sachs disease
94
The vertebral column has many functions: it supports the _____ and _____, allows for their movement; protects the _____ ____; _____ the stress of walking, running and lifting; provides attachments for the _____ in the thoracic cage and _____ muscles.
skull, trunk; spinal cord; absorbs; limbs, postural
95
There are ___ vertebrae with _____ discs of ____ between most of them
33, intervertebral, cartilage
96
______ squeezes water out during the day and absorbs water when _____ is removed during sleep.
compression, compression
97
There are ____ cervical in the ____; ___ thoracic in the ______; ______lumbar in the ______ ___; ____ fused sacral at the ____ of the ___ spine; ___ fused coccygeal
7, neck; 12, chest; 5, lumbar; 5, base, spine; 4
98
The spine exhibits a C-shaped curvature at birth known as ______ ____.
primary curvature
99
Primary curvature consists of _____ and ______. Secondary curvature develops later, adding ____ and ____.
thoracic, pelvic; cervical, lumbar
100
_____ is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine and usually occurs in the _____ region, and develops often in ______ ____.
scoliosis, thoracic, adolescent.
101
______is an exaggerated thoracic curvature.
kyphosis
102
____ is an exaggerated lumbar curvature usually caused by ____ or ______.
lordosis, pregnancy, obesity.
103
The body of the vertebra is a mass of ____ bone that contains ____ ____ marrow.
spongy, red bone
104
The _____ _____ collectively form the vertebral column for the ____ ____.
vertebral foramina, spinal cord
105
______ ____ is a projection extending from the apex of the vertebral arch, extending _____ and _____.
spinous process, posteriorly, downward
106
_____ ____ extends ______ from point where pedicle and lamina meet.
transverse process, laterally
107
The ____ (__) supports the head and has no body, and consists of a delicate _____ surrounding a large ____ _____. The lateral masses with superior facets articulate with _____ _______ and allows for _____ motion of skull gesturing.
atlas(C1), ring, vertebral foramen
108
The _____ allows for the rotating of the head and gesturing.
axis (C2)
109
_____is the prominent knob on the anterosuperior side of the ____.
dens, axis
110
___-_____ ___ is the joint between the atlas and cranium, whereas the ___-____ ___ is the joint between the atlas and axis.
atlanto-occipital, atlantoaxial
111
The smallest and lightest vertebrae occur between _____ and______. The smaller body allows for a larger _____ ___ which provides passage and protection for vertebral ____ which supply ____ to the ____ and vertebral ____ which drain ____ from various neck structures.
C1, C7; vertebral foramen, arteries, blood, brain, veins, blood
112
______ vertebral prominens is a spinous process that is especially long, and provides a prominent bump on the back of the neck.
C7
113
____ thoracic vertebra correspond to ____ pairs of ___. ___ process pointed and angled downward; larger body than ____ but smaller than _____; _____ ____ for attachment of ribs; ____ ____ ____ at end of each TP and provide second point of articulation.
12, ribs; spinous, thoracic, lumbar; costal facets; transverse costal facets
114
In most cases, ____ insert between two ______.
ribs, vertebra.
115
_____ vertebrae are thick and stout, with a blunt and squarish ______ process. The superior articular processes face ____. The _____ region is resistant to twisting movements.
lumbar, spinous; lumbar.
116
Fusion of the _____ begins around age 16 and completes fusion by age _____.
sacrum, 26
117
_____ allow for passage of nerves and arteries into the pelvic organs.
sacral foramina
118
The thoracic cage provides attachment for the ______ ____ and upper limbs.
pectoral girdle
119
The _____ _____ is rhythmically expanded by ______ muscles to draw air into the _____.
thoracic cage, respiratory, lungs.
120
Sternum is divided into the _____, ______ and the ______.
manubrium, body, xyphoid
