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Anatomy and Biology Class 3-5 > Class 3-5 > Flashcards

Class 3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ forms the forehead and part of the roof of the cranium.

A

frontal bone

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2
Q

The posterior boundary of the frontal bone is called the _________.

A

coronal suture.

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3
Q

The ____ bone forms most of the cranial roof and part of its lateral walls.

A

parietal.

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4
Q

The parietal bone is bordered by the _____, ______,______, and the ________ sutures.

A

Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamous

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5
Q

The sagittal suture is between the _______bones.

The coronal is at the ________ margin. The lambdoid is at the ______ margin. The squamous is at the ________ border.

A

parietal, anterior, posterior, squamous.

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6
Q

Two _____lines serve as attachment of the termporalis muscle.

A

temporal

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7
Q

The _____bone forms the lateral wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity and includes 3 parts. They are the ______ part, _____part and the _______part.

A

temporal, squamous, tympanic, mastoid.

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8
Q

The occipital bone forms the _____ and _____base of the skull.

A

rear, base

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9
Q

The ________ __________ holds the spinal cord.

A

foramen magnum

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10
Q

The skull rests on the the ______ at the ______ condyles.

A

atlas, occipital

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11
Q

The superior and inferior ______ lines mark the ______ muscles

A

nuchal, neck

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12
Q

The _______ ______ houses the pituitary gland in the ______ bone.

A

Sella turcica, sphenoid

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13
Q

There are _______ facial bones and they have no _______ contact with the _________or _________.

A

14, direct, brain, meninges

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14
Q

The facial bones give support to the _____, give _____ and ______ to the face, form part of the ____and _____ cavities and provide attachments for _____ of ____expression and mastication.

A

teeth, shape, individuality, orbital, nasal, muscles, facial.

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15
Q

The _____bones form are the largest facial bones. They form the upper _____, the ______ wall of the orbit and forms most of the _____ _______.

A

maxillary, jaw, inferomedial, hard palate.

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16
Q

The maxillary _____ fills the _______ bone.

A

sinus, maxillae

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17
Q

The _____, ____,_______,______ bones all have sinuses.

A

Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, parietal

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18
Q

The ________bones form the angles of the cheekbones and part of the lateral ____orbital wall. It is also known as the _____________foramen.

A

zygomatic, zygomaticofacial

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19
Q

______bones form the bridge of the nose and they support ________that shape the lower portion of the nose.

A

Nasal, cartilage

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20
Q

There are three ______ in the nasal cavity. The inferior nasal ______is not only a ________bone but the ______of the three.

A

conchae, concha, separate, largest.

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21
Q

A ____process bears the mandibular _____, which is an oval knob that articulates with the _____ _____ of the temporal bone. This forms the _________ _________.

A

condylar, condyle, mandibular process, temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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22
Q

The _____ process is the point of insertion of the _______ muscle.

A

coronoid, temporalis.

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23
Q

The two primary components of the TMJ are: ____acting on the TMJ and the _____disc, which is composed of dense, ____ _____tissue, is ______ in shape like an RBC and has no ____ or _______ ___ itself.

A

muscles, articular, fibrous, connective, biconcave, nerves, blood vessels.

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24
Q

The _____ has a broad, fan shape and functions in the ____ of the mandible, as well as _______ and ________.

A

temporalis, elevation, retraction, mastication.

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25
Q

The ______ _____ is the biggest culprit in TMD. It is deep within the ____ and ____ ear, and attaches to the the ____disc and _____. It functions in _______, lateral ______ and _______. The ______ also stabilizes the disc during chewing.

A

lateral pterygoid, jaw, ear, articular, condyle; depression, deviation, protrusion; lateral pterygoid.

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26
Q

The _____ ______ is the secondary cause of TMD and it functions to ____ the mandible with the masseter and the temporalis. It also functions in ______ deviation and ______.

A

medial pterygoid, elevate; lateral, protrusion.

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27
Q

The ____ is a powerful muscle, and the source of _____ points. It functions in _______ and _____ of the jaw. Superficial and deep fibers work in _______ actions of protrusion and retraction for mastication.

A

masseter, trigger; occlusion, elevation; opposing

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28
Q

The origin is the bony attachment at ______end of the muscle.

A

origin, stationary

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29
Q

The insertion is the bony attachment to the _____end of the muscle.

A

mobile

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30
Q

The muscles of the neck originate on the ______ _____, ________ _____ and _______ _____. They insert on the _____ bones.

A

vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle; cranial

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31
Q

The neck flexors are the ______ and the _______.

The neck extensors are the _____ and the ________.

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes; trapezius, splenius capitis.

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32
Q

The SCM originates on the ______ and the _______ 1/3 of the clavicle and inserts into the _______ process. The SCM allows to ______ and ______ flex to the same side, but _____ to the opposite. It also has the ability to _________ contract with forward flexion of the ______ spine.

A

manubrium, medial, mastoid; unilaterally, laterally, rotate; bilaterally, cervical.

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33
Q

The anterior and middle ______ originate at the transverse processes ____-__ and insert into the ___ rib and help in the ______ of the ribs in _______ and cervical forward flexion.

A

scalesn, C3-6, 1st, elevation, inhalation.

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34
Q

The anterior and medial scalenes are usually involved in the entrapment of _______ _____ ______.

A

brachial plexus nerves

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35
Q

The posterior ________ originate at the transverse processes __, ___ and insert into the ___rib. Its action involves cervical _____ and lateral _____. The posterior ____ is deep to the _____ and is involved with trigger point pain patterns.

A

scalenes, C6, 7, extension, flexion.

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36
Q

The _____is the most superficial of muscles on the back, but the _______ is deeper than it.

A

trapezius, splenius capitis

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37
Q

The trapezius originates at the _____ and the _____ processes _____-____ and inserts at the spine of the _______ and __________. It functions in ______ retraction/elevation and ______ extension/rotation/lateral flexion.

A

occiput, spinous, C1-T12, scapula, acromion; scapular, cervical

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38
Q

The splenius capitus originates at SP ___-___ and inserts at the ______ to the _______. Its action is _____ extension and ______ flexion and _____ to the same side.

A

C7-74, occiput, mastoid process.

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39
Q

Muscles involved in facial expression insert in the _____ and ______ tissues. They are innervated by _____ _____ (____ ___). In paralysis the face _____. These muscles are found in the _____, _____, around the ______, _____ and ____ and in the ______.

A

dermis, subcutaneous, facial nerve (CN VII); sags; scalp, forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, neck.

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40
Q

The _______ muscle ________ the eyebrows and is part of the __________.

A

frontalis, aponeurotica

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41
Q

The ______ ___ closes the eyes tightly; the _____ ______ purses the lips.

A

orbicularis oculi; orbicularis oris.

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42
Q

The facial skin overlying the muscles is ____ and has less ______ in the _______ and is highly ________.

A

thin, elastin, dermis, vascularized

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43
Q

The _____ and ______ systems maintain internal coordination.

A

endocrine, nervous

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44
Q

The _______ communicates by means of _______ messengers (________) secreted into the _______. The _______ employs _______ and ______ means to send messages from ___ to ____.

A

endocrine, chemical, hormones, blood; nervous system, electrical, chemical, cell, cell.

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45
Q

The nervous system carries out its task in three steps: ______ receive information about changes in the ____ and the ____ _____ and transmit coded messages to the ______ ___ and _____. The ____ and _____ ___ processes this information, relates it to past ______, and determine what response is appropriate to the circumstances. _____ and ____ ___ issue commands to ____ and ____ cells to carry out such a response.

A

sense organs, body, external environment, spinal cord, brain; brain, spinal cord, experiences. brain, spinal cord, muscles, gland.

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46
Q

The central nervous system consists of the ______ and _______ ___ enclosed in ______ coverings. They are respectively closed by the ____ and the ____ ____.

A

brain, spinal cord, bony coverings; cranium, vertebral column.

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47
Q

The _____ ______ _____ consists of all the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord and is composed of _____ and _____.

A

peripheral, nerve, ganglia

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48
Q

A ____ is a bundle of axon fibers wrapped in fibrous connective tissue.

A

nerve

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49
Q

____ is a knot-like swelling in a ____ where ____cell bodies are concentrated.

A

ganglia, nerve, neuron

50
Q

_____(______) division carries ____ signals from various receptors to the CNS.

A

sensory (afferent), sensory

51
Q

The PNS can be further subdivided into the ______ ______ ____ which carries signals from receptors in the ___, ______, ______ and joints; and the ____ _____ _____ which carries signals from the _____ of the _____ and _____ cavities–namely the: ____, _____, _____ and _____ ______.

A

somatic sensory division, skin, muscles, bones, joints; visceral sensory division, viscera, thoracic, abdominal cavities, heart, lungs, stomach, urinary bladder.

52
Q

The _____(______)division of the PNS carries signals from the CNS to _____ and _____ cells that carry out the body’s response.

A

motor (efferent), gland, muscle

53
Q

______ are cells and organs that respond to commands from the CNS

A

effectors

54
Q

The _____ ____ division of the PNS carries signals to skeletal muscles and is involved with ______ muscle contractions.

A

somatic motor, involuntary

55
Q

The _____ ________ division (______ _____ _____) carries signals to the glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. These responses are _____.

A

visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)

56
Q

The _____ division rouses the body for action.

A

sympathetic

57
Q

The ______division tends to have a calming affect, slows ______ rate and ________ and stimulates _____ and _____ systems.

A

parasympathetic, heart, breathing, digestive, urinary

58
Q

Grey matter consists of _______ ___ ____ with little ______ and is the site of _______ processing.
White matter consists of abundantly ________ axons which carry signals from one part of the CNS to another.

A

neuron cell bodies, myelin, information; myelinated

59
Q

The grey commissure of the grey matter is punctured by a central ____ lined with ____ cells and filled with ____.

A

canal, ependymal, CSF

60
Q

____ ___ in the spinal cord surrounds ______ _____ and consists of bundles of _______ that course ___ and ____ the cord. These are called _______ and _______ tracts.

A

white matter, grey matter, axons, up, down, ascending, descending.

61
Q

The spinal cord ends at _____ and becomes the _____ ____.

A

L1, cauda equina

62
Q

____ (____) nerves carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS. _____(______) nerves carry signals from the CNS to the ____ and _____.

A

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), muscles glands.

63
Q

There are ____ cervical nerves, ___ thoracic, ___ lumbar, ____ sacral, and ___ coccygeall nerves.

A

8, 12, 5, 5, 1

64
Q

Each spinal nerve has two points of attachment to the spinal cord, ____ (___) which is sensory output to the spinal cord and _____ (_____) root is motor output out of the spinal cord.

A

posterior (dorsal), anterior (ventral)

65
Q

The cervical plexus in the ____ goes from ___ to ___ and supplies the ____ and ____ nerve to the diaphragm.

A

neck, C1, C5, neck, phrenic

66
Q

The brachial plexus is near the ______ and goes from ____ to ____ and supplies the upper ____ and some of the ____ and ____. It is the median nerve that is associated with _____ _____ syndrome.

A

neck, C5, T1, limb, neck, shoulder; carpel tunnel

67
Q

The lumbar plexus is in the ______ ___, from ___ to ___ and supplies the _____ wall, anterior _____ and _____.

A

lower back, L1 to L4, abdominal, thigh, genitalia

68
Q

The sacral plexus is in the ____ at ___, ___, and ___ to ___

A

pelvis, L4, L5, S1, S4.

69
Q

The coccygeal plexus is at ___, ___ and ___

A

S4, S5, C0

70
Q

_______ function carries sensory signals from the bones, joints, muscles and the skin, via _____.

A

somatosensory, proprioceptors.

71
Q

_____ functions primarily stimulates muscle contraction.

A

motor

72
Q

______ are the membranes of the CNS. The outermost is the _____, the middlemost is the ______ and the innermost is the_______.

A

meninges, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

73
Q

The ________ _____ lies between the arachnoid and pia mater and is filled with ______ ___. All ____ _____ entering the brain, as well as _____ nerves pass through this space.

A

subarachnoid space, cerebral spinal fluid; blood vessels, cranial

74
Q

________is inflammation of the meninges and is caused by _____ and ______ invasion of the CNS by way of the ____ and ____. The ___ mater and ____ are often most affected.

A

meningitis, bacterial, viral, nose, throat, pia, arachnoid

75
Q

Bacterial meningitis can cause swelling of the ____, enlarging of the _______ and ______. Signs include, high _____, stiff ____, _____ and intense______.

A

brain, ventricles, hemmorrhage; fever, neck, drowsiness, headache

76
Q

Neurons are characterized by ______: the response to environmental changes; ______: the response to stimuli by producing ____ signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations; _____ when ____ signals reach the end of nerve fiber, a chemical _______ is secreted that crosses the gap and stimulates the next cell.

A

excitibility; conductivity; secretion, electrical, neurotransmitter

77
Q

A _____ (_____) neuron is a functional type of neuron that is specialized to detect ______ and transmit ______ about them to the CNS.

A

sensory (afferent), stimuli, information

78
Q

______ are functional neurons that receive signals from many neurons and carry out the integrative function. They _______ ______ that determine how the body will respond to stimuli. ______% of all neurons are _______.

A

interneurons; make decisions, 90%, interneurons.

79
Q

_____(_______) neurons send signals out to muscles and gland cells. _____ neurons conduct signals away from the CNS.

A

motor (efferent); effector

80
Q

______ is the control center of the neuron.

A

soma

81
Q

______ are vast number of branches coming from a few thick branches from the soma. They are the primary site for receiving signals from other _____. The more ______ a neuron has, the more ____ it can receive and incorporate into _____ ______.

A

dendrites; neurons; dendrites, information, decision making

82
Q

An ____ originates from a mound on the side of the soma called the ____ ____, and it specializes in rapid ______. ____ cells and _____ sheath enclose the _____.

A

axon, axon hillock, conduction; Schwann, myelin, axon

83
Q

____ or ____ cells support and protect the neurons, and bind neurons together to form a ____ for nervous tissue.

A

neuroglial, glial, framework

84
Q

_____ form myelin sheath in the CNS.

A

oligodendrocytes

85
Q

______cells secrete circulate CSF which bathes the CNS.

A

ependymal

86
Q

_____ wander in search of cellular debris to _____.

A

microglia, phagocytize

87
Q

____ are the most abundant glial cells and they cover the entire ____ surface and most ______ regions of the neurons in the grey matter of the CNS.

A

astrocytes, brain, nonsynaptic

88
Q

_____ or _____ is when the neuron is damaged and _____ form scar tissue and fill space formerly occupied by the neuron

A

astrocytosis, sclerosis, astrocytes

89
Q

_____ cells envelop nerve fibers in the PNS, wind repeatedly around the nerve fiber, and produce a _____ _____ similar to the ones produced by the _____ in the CNS. The ____ cells assist in regeneration of damaged fibers.

A

Schwann, myelin, oligodendrocytes, Schwann

90
Q

_____ consists of __% protein and ____% lipid.

A

Myelin, 20, 80

91
Q

The gap between myelin sheath segments is called the ____ of _____.

A

Nodes of Ranvier.

92
Q

_____ is a degenerative disorder of the myelin sheath.

A

multiple sclerosis

93
Q

_____ is a hereditary disorder of infants in Eastern European Jewish ancestry

A

Tay-Sachs disease

94
Q

The vertebral column has many functions: it supports the _____ and _____, allows for their movement; protects the _____ ____; _____ the stress of walking, running and lifting; provides attachments for the _____ in the thoracic cage and _____ muscles.

A

skull, trunk; spinal cord; absorbs; limbs, postural

95
Q

There are ___ vertebrae with _____ discs of ____ between most of them

A

33, intervertebral, cartilage

96
Q

______ squeezes water out during the day and absorbs water when _____ is removed during sleep.

A

compression, compression

97
Q

There are ____ cervical in the ____; ___ thoracic in the ______; ______lumbar in the ______ ___; ____ fused sacral at the ____ of the ___ spine; ___ fused coccygeal

A

7, neck; 12, chest; 5, lumbar; 5, base, spine; 4

98
Q

The spine exhibits a C-shaped curvature at birth known as ______ ____.

A

primary curvature

99
Q

Primary curvature consists of _____ and ______. Secondary curvature develops later, adding ____ and ____.

A

thoracic, pelvic; cervical, lumbar

100
Q

_____ is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine and usually occurs in the _____ region, and develops often in ______ ____.

A

scoliosis, thoracic, adolescent.

101
Q

______is an exaggerated thoracic curvature.

A

kyphosis

102
Q

____ is an exaggerated lumbar curvature usually caused by ____ or ______.

A

lordosis, pregnancy, obesity.

103
Q

The body of the vertebra is a mass of ____ bone that contains ____ ____ marrow.

A

spongy, red bone

104
Q

The _____ _____ collectively form the vertebral column for the ____ ____.

A

vertebral foramina, spinal cord

105
Q

______ ____ is a projection extending from the apex of the vertebral arch, extending _____ and _____.

A

spinous process, posteriorly, downward

106
Q

_____ ____ extends ______ from point where pedicle and lamina meet.

A

transverse process, laterally

107
Q

The ____ (__) supports the head and has no body, and consists of a delicate _____ surrounding a large ____ _____. The lateral masses with superior facets articulate with _____ _______ and allows for _____ motion of skull gesturing.

A

atlas(C1), ring, vertebral foramen

108
Q

The _____ allows for the rotating of the head and gesturing.

A

axis (C2)

109
Q

_____is the prominent knob on the anterosuperior side of the ____.

A

dens, axis

110
Q

___-_____ ___ is the joint between the atlas and cranium, whereas the ___-____ ___ is the joint between the atlas and axis.

A

atlanto-occipital, atlantoaxial

111
Q

The smallest and lightest vertebrae occur between _____ and______. The smaller body allows for a larger _____ ___ which provides passage and protection for vertebral ____ which supply ____ to the ____ and vertebral ____ which drain ____ from various neck structures.

A

C1, C7; vertebral foramen, arteries, blood, brain, veins, blood

112
Q

______ vertebral prominens is a spinous process that is especially long, and provides a prominent bump on the back of the neck.

A

C7

113
Q

____ thoracic vertebra correspond to ____ pairs of ___. ___ process pointed and angled downward; larger body than ____ but smaller than _____; _____ ____ for attachment of ribs; ____ ____ ____ at end of each TP and provide second point of articulation.

A

12, ribs; spinous, thoracic, lumbar; costal facets; transverse costal facets

114
Q

In most cases, ____ insert between two ______.

A

ribs, vertebra.

115
Q

_____ vertebrae are thick and stout, with a blunt and squarish ______ process. The superior articular processes face ____. The _____ region is resistant to twisting movements.

A

lumbar, spinous; lumbar.

116
Q

Fusion of the _____ begins around age 16 and completes fusion by age _____.

A

sacrum, 26

117
Q

_____ allow for passage of nerves and arteries into the pelvic organs.

A

sacral foramina

118
Q

The thoracic cage provides attachment for the ______ ____ and upper limbs.

A

pectoral girdle

119
Q

The _____ _____ is rhythmically expanded by ______ muscles to draw air into the _____.

A

thoracic cage, respiratory, lungs.

120
Q

Sternum is divided into the _____, ______ and the ______.

A

manubrium, body, xyphoid

Anatomy and Biology Class 3-5 (1 decks)

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