CLASS 2 - Successful Aging Flashcards
What are the 3 “R’s” that helped Esther get to 100yrs old?
- Resilience
- Resourcefulness
- Resolution
In the US, the number of centinarians have increased from 38,300 in 1990 to ___ in 2009.
96,548
True or false? Centinarians are 20x likely to have a long-lived relative than the average person?
True
According to the Swedish twin study, what percent of longevity is due to genetics?
80%
Esther Tuttle’s advice for aging?
“You have to work, be cheerful, and look for something fun to do. It’s a whole attitude.”
Esther Tuttle’s regime? (4)
- Careful diet
- Hard work
- Regular exercise
- Long list of community service
A study of centinarians in Sardinia found they are: (4)
- Physically active
- Have extensive social networks
- Maintain strong ties with family & friends
- Less depressed than the average 60yr old
T/F: Optimists live long than pessimists.
True
T/F: Pessimists are less likely to be overweight, smoke cigarettes, and avoid exercise.
False, they are MORE likely.
T/F: Optimists are less likely to have high BP, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
True
How much does genetics determine the againg process?
20-30%
Name at least 3 predictors of successful aging (8).
- Genetics
- Culture and gender
- Physical and social environment
- Socioeconomic status
- Life events
- Psychological attributes
- Lifestyle choices and behaviors
- Health and social services
What are the two modern biological theories of aging?
- Programmed theory
- Damage theory
According to the programmed theory, aging follows a ___ ___ that depends on changes in gene expression.
Biological timetable
According to the damage theory, ___ ___ to living organisms would induce cumulative damage at various levels.
Environmental stress
Out of the programmed and damage theory which one has more studies?
Damage theory (500+ vs 75)
What are the sub-categories of the programmed theory? (4)
- Programmed longevity
- Endocrine theory
- Immunological theory
- Hayflick Immunological theory
Which subcategory is this?
Aging is the result of a sequential switching on and off of certain genes, with a senescence being defined as the time when age-associated deficits are manifested.
Programmed longevity
Which subcategory is this?
Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging. Supported by recent studies showing that insulin plays a key role in the hormonal regulation of aging.
Endocrine theory
Which subcategory is this?
The immune system is programmed to decline over time, which leads to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus aging and death.
Immunological theory
Which subcategory is this?
Normal human cells can only replicate and devide 40-60 times, and will afterwards be broken down by programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Hayflick Immunological Theory
What are the subcategories for the Damage theory? (5)
- Wear and Tear Theory
- Rate of Living Theory
- Cross-linking Theory
- Free Radical Theory
- Somatic DNA Damage Theory
Which subcategory is this?
Cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out from repeated use resulting in aging.
Wear and Tear Theory
Which subcategory is this?
The greater an organisms rate of oxygen basal metabolism, the shorter its life-span.
Rate of Living Theory
Which subcategory is this?
An accumulation of cross-linked proteins damage cells and tissues, Slowing down bodily processes resulting in aging.
Cross-Linking Theory
Which subcategory is this?
Superoxide and other __ would cause damage to the macromolecular components of the cell, causing cells and eventually organs to stop functioning.
Free Radical Theory
Which subcategory is this?
Aging results from damage (genetic mutations & damage to mitochondria DNA) to the genetic integrity of the body’s cells.
Somatic DNA Damage Theory
Which contributes more to life expectancy in animals? Size or HR?
HR: slower HR = longer life expectancy
In the Hayflick Limit Theory of Aging, the ___ shorten with each cell division, which limits the amount of times a cell can divide.
Telomeres
What is the concensus on which theory of aging is the most accurate?
There isn’t one.
Main factors that contributes to successful aging in OAs?
Ability to adapt to physical, mental, and social losses later in life.
What are the 3 main strategies for functional independence later in life according to the psychological theory?
- Focusing on high-priority areas of life (feelings of satisfaction and personal control).
- Optimize remaining personal skills that enrich and enhance life.
- Compensate for losses of physical and mental function by using personal strategies.
Name at least 4 key factors of successful aging (according to the psychological theory).
- Intelligence
- Cognitive capacity
- Self-efficacy
- Self-esteem
- Coping style
- Resilience
What are the two subcategories of the Sociological Theory?
- Activity Theory
- Continuity Theory
Which subcategory is this?
Older adults who stay engaged in mental and physical ADLs tend to age in a healthier and happier way.
Activity Theory
Which subcategory is this?
Older adults who age successfully tend to maintain forward positive health habits, preferences, lifestyles, and relationships from mid-life to later-life.
Continuity Theory
What are the 2 main influences of adequate social and physical environments on aging according to the sociological theory?
- Decreased mortality and morbidity
- Increased health and well-being
What are the 3 factors that influence OA exercise participation?
- Personal characteristics
- Program related factors
- Environmental factors
T/F: Older adults are just as active as younger adults?
False
Which demographic factors negatively correlate with exercise participation. (5)
- Female
- Ethnic minority
- Older (85+)
- Rural residence
- Low socioeconomic status
Which health related factors negatively correlate with exercise participation? (5)
- Poor health and physical condition
- Illness
- Arthritic pain
- Smoking
- Weight issues
What two psychological aspects are needed for exercise participation?
- Exercise self-efficacy
- Perception that benefits outweigh the difficulties (more pros than cons).
T/F: The willingness to change is sufficient to begin exercise participation.
False, it is necessary, but more factors (self-efficacy and pros vs. cons) are needed.
Name 4 motivators for exercise participation (8)
- Improve health
- Prevent disease and disability
- Manage chronic illness
- Improve mobility
- Improve appearance
- Decrease stress and anxiety
- Reduce risk of depression
- Enjoyment
What is the most common barrier to exercise reported by OAs?
A) Fear of falling or injury
B) Lack of self-motivation
C) Lack of experience
D) Lack of time
B) Lack of self-motivation
D) IS #2
T/F: The majority of OAs like programs that are moderate intensity.
True
T/F: The majority of OAs like programs that are convenient.
True
T/F: The majority of OAs like programs that are competitive.
False
T/F: The majority of OAs like programs that are inexpensive.
True
T/F: The majority of OAs like programs that are unstructured/ independent.
True
T/F: The majority of OAs like programs that are in a group setting.
False
T/F: The majority of OAs like programs that are done at home.
True
Name 3 physical environmental factors that influence exercise participation.
- Distance from facility/ accessibility
- Climate
- Neighborhood safety
What are the two main environmental factors that influence exercise participation
- Social support
- Physical factors
What are the two main steps for improving adoption of an exercise program and boosting adherence?
- Explore expectations and objectives
- Set goals
Who takes the primary responsibility for setting exercise goals?
The participant. You ask questions and request clarifications.
What are the 4 characteristics of good goals?
- Measurable
- Specific
- Realistic
- Behavioral
Why is it important that goals are realistic?
Improves self-efficacy
T/F: A participant has more control over goals that are outcome oriented rather than behaviorally oriented.
False, other way around.
