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Reproductive Anatomy > Class 2 > Flashcards

Class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the female internal reproductive organs include?

A

Uterus
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
Vagina
Overies

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2
Q

What 3 structures constitute the birth canal?

A

Uterus
Cervix
Vagina

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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4
Q

The suspensory ligament of the ovary is a continuation of which ligament?

A

Broad ligament of the uterus

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5
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus in terms of how it lies?

A

Anteverted = tipped anterosuperiorly relative to the axis of the vagina

Anteflexed = Uterine body is flexed or bent anteriorly relative to the cervix

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6
Q

What could happen if the position of the uterus is retroverted and retroflexed?

A

Uterine prolapse can occur

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7
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A

Recess around the protruding cervix

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8
Q

Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch?

A

Posterior vaginal fornix

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9
Q

Which ligament (part of the pelvic fascia, which is one of the main supports of the uterus) is also called thr cardinal ligament of the uterus?

A

Transverse cervical

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10
Q

Apart from the pelvic fascia what other structure in the pelvis is also an important support of the uterus?

A

pelvic floor/ diaphragm

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11
Q

The uterine tubes are divided into 4 parts.

Name them

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural or uterine part

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12
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is longest and widest?

A

ampulla

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13
Q

Fertilization occurs in which part of the uterine tube?

A

Ampulla

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14
Q

What is meant by an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy?

A

Blastocyst implants into mucosa of uterine tube (usually Ampulla) so never reaches uterus

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15
Q

Name the two ligaments associated with the ovary

A

From uterus to ovary -> ligament of ovary

Ovary to lateral pelvic wall -> suspensory ligament of the ovary

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16
Q

The blood supply to the gonads and genitalia is via two major branches from the aorta. Name them

A

Gonadal and internal iliac arteries

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17
Q

At what vertebral level do the gonadal arteries originate?

A

L2

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18
Q

In the female the ovarian artery descends within …………… to supply the ovaries via the ………….

Fill in the gaps above

A

Descends within the suspensory ligament

Supply ovaries via broad ligament

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19
Q

The ovarian artery freely anastomoses with which artery and may in fact be replaced by it?

A

uterine artery

20
Q

Into which vessels do the gonadal arteries drain?

A 
right = IVC
Left = left renal vein
21
Q

The uterine artery crosses over the ureter at what level?

A

level of ischial spine at the junction of the cervix and lateral part of fornix of vagina.

(“water under the bridge”)

22
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the internal pelvic organs follows what route?

A

Follows the arterial supply and venous drainage by passing backwards through the nodes around the branches of the iliac arteries and abdominal aorta.

23
Q

Lymph from the labia and distal part of the vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

24
Q

Lymph from the ovary drains into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Para-aortic nodes

25
Q

The fundus and upper uterine body drains into which lymph nodes?

A

Pre-aortic lymph nodes

26
Q

Most of the uterine body drains into which group of lymph nodes?

A

External iliac nodes

27
Q

The uterine cervix and upper vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes

28
Q

The lower vagina drains into which group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

29
Q

What are the breasts?

A

Highly modified sweat glands lying in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region.

They form important accessory organs of the female reproductive system, and provide nutrition to the new born in the form of milk

30
Q

Each breast consists of 15-25 lobes.

What tissue do these lobes contain?

A

Tubulo-acinar gland (parenchyma)

Stroma (connective tissue)

31
Q

Where does the breast extend from -> to?

A

Extends vertically from 2nd rib to the 6th rib and horizontally from lateral border of sternum to the anterior axillary line

32
Q

The breast lies anterior to which muscles?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

33
Q

The mammary gland is extremely vascular.

What arteries are they supplied by?

A

Branches of subclavian and axillary arteries:

  • Lateral thoracic -> lateral mammary branches
  • Internal thoracic -> medial mammary branches
34
Q

What are the 3 main groups of lymph nodes draining the breast?

A

Axillary lymph nodes
Parasternal lymph nodes
Supraclavicular lymph nodes

35
Q

It is possible for lymph from the medial side of one breast to drain to the opposite side.

What is the clinical significance of this?

A

Cancer can spread from one breast to the other

36
Q

What does the placenta develop from?

A

Membranes that surround the fetus and the uterine endometrium

37
Q

What are the 4 functions of the placenta?

A

It forms a link of physiological exchange between maternal and fetal circulation:

  1. Gaseous exchange
  2. Nutrient Exchange
  3. Metabolises a number of substances
  4. can release metabolic products into maternal and/or fetal circulations
38
Q

What are the functions of the umbilical arteries and veins?

A 
Arteries = carry deoxygenated blood
Veins = carry oxygenated blood
39
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the broad ligament?

A

Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Mesometrium

40
Q

What are the main supports of the uterus?

A 
Pelvic diaphragm
Pelvic fascia (e.g. round ligaments)
41
Q

The uterus and cervix are firmly anchored in the pelvis by a number of ligamentous attachments.

Name them

A

Ligament of ovary
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament
Broad ligament

(also middle uterine ligaments)

42
Q

What are the cardinal ligaments?

transverse cervical

A

The cardinal ligaments are also known as the lateral, transverse cervical, or Mackenrodt’s ligaments. They are situated along the inferior border of the broad ligament and house the uterine artery and uterine veins.

These ligaments arise from the side of the cervix and the lateral fornix of the vagina. They provide an extensive attachment on the lateral pelvic wall at the level of the ischial spines. Some fibres of the cardinal ligaments interdigitate with fibres from the uterosacral ligaments.

When a hysterectomy is being performed due to a malignancy, the cardinal ligaments are often removed as they are common reservoir of cancerous cells.

43
Q

What are the pubocervical ligaments?

A

The pubocervical ligaments are bilateral structures, which attach the cervix to the posterior surface of the pubic symphysis. They function to support the uterus within the pelvic cavity.

44
Q

What are the uterosacral ligaments?

A

The uterosacral ligaments are also bilateral fibrous bands, which attach the cervix to the sacrum. They are also known as the recto-uterine ligaments or sacrocervical ligaments. This supports the uterus and holds it in place.

45
Q

Name the ligaments which hold the uterus in place

A

Superior aspect

  • broad ligament
  • round ligament

Middle aspect

  • transverse cervical (cardinal ligaments)
  • pubocervical ligament
  • uterosacral ligament

Reproductive Anatomy (4 decks)

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