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1
Q

What is a psychological disorder

A

Psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not culturally expected.

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2
Q

What levels can be involved in psychological dysfunction

A

Cognitive, behavioural, emotional

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3
Q

What does it mean if it is atypical or not culturally expected

A

Deviates from the “average”/norm

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4
Q

What is the current NZ handbook for disorders

A

DSM-5

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5
Q

Chronic course of a disease

A

Lasts for a long time

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6
Q

Episodic course of a disease

A

Comes in episodes

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7
Q

Time limited course of disease

A

Does not last that long. e.g, prolonged grief

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8
Q

Acute

A

Comes on fast and intense

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9
Q

Insidious

A

Gradual and subtle

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10
Q

What is developmental psychology

A

studying change in behaviour over time

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11
Q

What is developmental psychopathology

A

Study of change in abnormal behaviour over time

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12
Q

What is life span developmental psychopathology

A

Studies of change in abnormal behaviour over the lifespan

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13
Q

Etiology

A

Devil,withcraft, sorcery

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14
Q

Sigmund freuds psychoanalystic theory

A

Id-pleasure principle
Ego-Logical and rational
Superego-Moral principle

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15
Q

Stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral,Anal,Phallic,Latency,Genital

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16
Q

Key things to ensure in assesment

A

Reliability, Validity, Standardization

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17
Q

Types of clinical interviews

A

Structured or unstructured

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18
Q

What does a mental status exam look at

A
  1. Appearance and behaviour
  2. Thought processes
  3. Mood and affect
    4.Intellectual functioning
  4. Sensorium
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19
Q

ABCs of observation

A

Antecedents, Behaviour, Consequences

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20
Q

What is the short term memory rule

A

7+ or -2

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21
Q

Idiographic strategy

A

What is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstance

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22
Q

Nomothetic strategy

A

Often used when identifying a specific psychological disorder, to make a diagnosis

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23
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classification in a scientific context

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24
Q

Nosology

A

taxonomy in psychological/medical phenomena

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25
Nomenclature
Labels in nosological system e.g. "panic disorder"
26
Classical categorical approach
strict categories (you have it or you don't)
27
Dimensional approach
Classification along dimensions (varying anxiety levels)
28
Prototypical approach
Combines classical and dimensional views
29
Humanistic theory
Emphasises looking at the whole individual and stresses concept such as free will, self efficacy.
30
Person centered therapy
Encourages clients to explore there thoughts and emotions (Carl rogers)
31
3 D's of abnormality
Deviance, distress, dysfunction
32
What are the historical perspectives on abnormal behaviour
Supernatural tradition, biological tradition, psychological tradition
33
Super natural tradition
Mental illness is a result of demonic possession or supernatural forces
34
Biological tradition
Mental disorders as physical diseases (hippocrates and galens theory)
35
Psychological tradition
Emphasises learning, enviroment, and thought processes
36
Different factors that can result in mental disorders
biological, psychological, social and cultural
37
Diathesis stress model
A genetic predisposition interacts with enviromental stress to trigger disorders
38
Reciprocal Gene enviroment model
People with genetic vulnerabilities may also seek out enviroments that trigger their disorder.
39
Epigenetics
Enviroment influences gene expression
40
What makes a good treatment
it needs to be research based interventions (e.g. CBT, medication)
41
What is a multidimensional model
Shows that mental disorders can be explained from multiple interacting factors
42
Multidimensional model includes
Genetics, neuroscience, emotions, behaviour, cognition, and social/cultural factors
43
The limbic system is responsible for...
Emotion regulation, linked to anxiety and depression
44
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for...
Decision making, impulse control, associated with disorders like ADHD
45
What are the four types of neurotransmitters involved with mental health
Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid
46
Serotonin
Regulates mood, behaviour and thinking (linked to anxiety and depression)
47
Dopamine
involved in reward and pleasure (linked to schizophrenia, addiction)
48
Norepinephrine
Associated with arousal and stress response.
49
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces anxiety.
50
Classical conditioning
a learning process that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already evokes a response.
51
Operant conditioning
a learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior.
52
Purpose of clinical assesment
Understand the individual, to predict behaviour, plan treatment, evaluate treatment outcome
53
Key concepts in assesment
Reliability, validity, standardization
54
Reliability
Consistency in measurement, e.g., test retest and interrater reliability
55
Validity
What an assesment measures and how well it does so e.g. concurrent, discriminant, and predictive reliability
56
Standardization
Ensures consistency, provides population benchmarks
57
Types of clinical interviews
Structured or semistructured
58
What is evaluated in a mental status exam
Appearance and behaviour, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning
59
Types of assesments
Clinical interview, mental status exam, physical exam, behavioural assesment, psychological testing
60
Why would you reccomend a physical exam
To rule out any physical etiologies, or side effects
61
Behavioural assessment
Direct observation of behaviour, to identify problematic behaviours and situations. Can be formal or informal
62
The rorschach inkblot
A projective test that displays a picture, and what you see in that picture is determined by the unconcious
63
Objective tests
Roots in empirical tradition, questions e.g. for most day over the last two weeks, have you felt flat, depressed or lack in energy"?
64
Personality tests
Extensive, reliability, validity, and normative database
65
Neurological testing
Done to access a broad range of skills and abilities
66
Problems with neuropsychological tests
False positives: mistakenly shows a problem when their is none False negatives: Fails to detect a problem that is present
67
Objectives of neuroimaging
Understanding brain structure, and understanding brain function
68
Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)
Utilises X rays
69
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Utilises strong magnetic fields, better resolution than CT scan
70
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Involve injection of radioactive isotopes. Isotopes react with oxygen, blood and glucose in the brain.
71
What does a psychophysiological assesment do?
Assess brain structure, function, and activity of the nervous system
72
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Measures, brain wave activity. Brain can react to certain things.
73
What did the DSM I and DSM II lack?
Low precision, based on unproven theories, poor reliability
74
Characteristics included in new DSM
Removed axial system, clear inclusion and exclusion for disorders, categorised under broad headings, empirically grounded
75
Unresolved issues in DSM-5
Problem of comorbidity, dimensional classification, labelling issues and stigmatisation, reification, reliability vs validity
76

PSYC379 (1 decks)

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