Class

Question 1

Propositions

Answer 1

statements that can be true or false

Question 2

Non-propositions

Answer 2

are not statements about matters of fact. They do not make a claim that can be true or false

Question 3

Simple propositions

Answer 3

Have no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether a part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their own.

Question 4

Complex propositions

Answer 4

Have internal logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether complex propositions are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false and how those parts are connected.

Question 5

premise

Answer 5

The premises are the claims, evidence, ideas, and so forth intended to support the conclusion.

Question 6

Bad inferential structure

Answer 6

In arguments with a bad form or structure, the premises do not, in fact, demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion.

Question 7

False premise

Answer 7

In arguments with false premise(s), there is something wrong with their particular content.

Question 8

How can we identify premises and conclusions?

Answer 8

We can sometimes identify premises and conclusions simply by recognizing the role they play in an argument.

Question 9

Which words are considered premise indicators?

Answer 9

Because, For, Given that, In that, As, Since, As indicated by

Question 10

Which words are considered conclusion indicators?

Answer 10

Therefore, So, It follows that, Hence, Thus, Entails that, We may conclude that, Implies that, Wherefore, As a result

Question 11

Conclusions

Answer 11

The conclusion is the claim that the whole argument is intended to support or demonstrate or prove.

Question 12

inductive/ampliative

Answer 12

arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable

Question 13

deductive

Answer 13

arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion

Question 14

Inference to the best explanation or abduction

Answer 14

arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation

Question 15

Soundness

Answer 15

A deductive argument is sound if it has a valid structure and all its premises are true. (If an argument is deductive but has either an invalid structure or at least one false premise, then it is an unsound argument.)

Question 16

Truth

Answer 16

Propositions are true if they accurately represent what is the case, otherwise they are false.

Question 17

Validity

Answer 17

In a valid deductive argument, the truth of the premises would make the conclusion necessarily true. (If not, it is an invalid structure.)

Question 18

Cogent

Answer 18

An inductive argument is cogent if it is strong and all its premises are true. (If an argument is inductive but either is weak or has at least one false premise, then is is an uncogent argument.)

Question 19

Strength

Answer 19

In a strong inductive argument, the truth of premises would make the conclusion probably true.

Question 20

Formal Fallacy

Answer 20

The word “formal” refers to the structure of things.

Question 21

Informal Fallacy

Answer 21

Informal fallacies have a problem with their content.

Question 22

Cognitive bias

Answer 22

The way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us.

Question 23

Alief

Answer 23

An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs.

Question 24

Heuristic

Answer 24

A rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut

Question 25

Algorithm bubble

Answer 25

The curated and personalized version of online reality that a website shows you when you log on.

Question 26

Availability heuristic

Answer 26

A process where in the mind generalizes based on what is available to it rather than on what is objectively true.

Question 27

Representativeness

Answer 27

The bias of representativeness occurs when one is experiencing a new situation and responds by applying the closest mental prototype in one’s experience to interpret the new situation.

Question 28

narrow framing

Answer 28

Looking at a situation in isolation

Question 29

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Answer 29

When one attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself.

Question 30

genetic fallacy

Answer 30

when one argues that the origin of an idea is a reason for rejecting (or accepting) that idea

Question 31

straw figure fallacy

Answer 31

when one misrepresents another’s argument then attacks the misrepresented (weaker) argument rather than the actual (stronger) argument

Question 32

red herring fallacy

Answer 32

when one introduces an irrelevant topic

Question 33

appeal to authority fallacy

Answer 33

when one appeals to an unqualified authority in support of one’s claim

Question 34

appeal to force fallacy

Answer 34

when one uses a threat to compel agreement with one’s claim

Question 35

appeal to popularity fallacy

Answer 35

when one appeals to the popularity of a belief as a reason to affirm its truth

Question 36

appeal to consequences fallacy

Answer 36

when one appeals to the bad (or good) consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject (or accept) it as true

Question 37

fallacy of equivocation

Answer 37

when one’s argument mistakenly uses the same word in two different senses

Question 38

appeal to ignorance fallacy

Answer 38

when someone reasons from our lack of knowledge that a claim is false (or true) to the assertion the claim is true (or false)

Question 39

slippery slope fallacy

Answer 39

when someone argues, without sufficient reason, one event will lead to a series of events ultimately ending in some further (usually disastrous) event

Question 40

Texas Sharpshooter fallacy

Answer 40

when one selectively uses, or “cherry-picks,” only the evidence supporting their desired conclusion

Question 41

post hoc fallacy

Answer 41

when someone claims some event causes another just because the first event (the alleged cause) occurs before the second event (the alleged effect)

Question 42

hasty generalization fallacy

Answer 42

when someone generalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events

Question 43

begging the question fallacy

Answer 43

a circular argument in which a premise of the argument presumes the truth of the conclusion

Question 44

false dilemma fallacy

Answer 44

when one presumes that there are fewer options (typically two) than there actually are

Question 45

burden of proof shifting fallacy

Answer 45

when one presumes that one’s (implausible) claim is justified unless someone else demonstrates otherwise

Question 46

“level” or “layer” of an argument map

Answer 46

one horizontal row of a carefully drawn argument map

Question 47

Main Conclusion

Answer 47

the final conclusion of the argument

Question 48

Main Premise

Answer 48

one among the set of premises directly supporting the main conclusion

Question 49

Sub-Inference

Answer 49

an inference from a premise to another premise

Question 50

sub-premise

Answer 50

a premise in a sub-inference

Question 51

sub-conclusion

Answer 51

a conclusion in a sub-inference