Class Flashcards

1
Q

Propositions

A

statements that can be true or false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Non-propositions

A

are not statements about matters of fact. They do not make a claim that can be true or false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Simple propositions

A

Have no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether a part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their own.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Complex propositions

A

Have internal logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether complex propositions are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false and how those parts are connected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

premise

A

The premises are the claims, evidence, ideas, and so forth intended to support the conclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bad inferential structure

A

In arguments with a bad form or structure, the premises do not, in fact, demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

False premise

A

In arguments with false premise(s), there is something wrong with their particular content.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can we identify premises and conclusions?

A

We can sometimes identify premises and conclusions simply by recognizing the role they play in an argument.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which words are considered premise indicators?

A

Because, For, Given that, In that, As, Since, As indicated by

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which words are considered conclusion indicators?

A

Therefore, So, It follows that, Hence, Thus, Entails that, We may conclude that, Implies that, Wherefore, As a result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Conclusions

A

The conclusion is the claim that the whole argument is intended to support or demonstrate or prove.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inductive/ampliative

A

arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

deductive

A

arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inference to the best explanation or abduction

A

arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Soundness

A

A deductive argument is sound if it has a valid structure and all its premises are true. (If an argument is deductive but has either an invalid structure or at least one false premise, then it is an unsound argument.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Truth

A

Propositions are true if they accurately represent what is the case, otherwise they are false.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Validity

A

In a valid deductive argument, the truth of the premises would make the conclusion necessarily true. (If not, it is an invalid structure.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cogent

A

An inductive argument is cogent if it is strong and all its premises are true. (If an argument is inductive but either is weak or has at least one false premise, then is is an uncogent argument.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Strength

A

In a strong inductive argument, the truth of premises would make the conclusion probably true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Formal Fallacy

A

The word “formal” refers to the structure of things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Informal Fallacy

A

Informal fallacies have a problem with their content.

22
Q

Cognitive bias

A

The way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us.

23
Q

Alief

A

An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs.

24
Q

Heuristic

A

A rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut

25
Algorithm bubble
The curated and personalized version of online reality that a website shows you when you log on.
26
Availability heuristic
A process where in the mind generalizes based on what is available to it rather than on what is objectively true.
27
Representativeness
The bias of representativeness occurs when one is experiencing a new situation and responds by applying the closest mental prototype in one's experience to interpret the new situation.
28
narrow framing
Looking at a situation in isolation
29
Ad Hominem Fallacy
When one attacks the person making an argument rather than the argument itself.
30
genetic fallacy
when one argues that the origin of an idea is a reason for rejecting (or accepting) that idea
31
straw figure fallacy
when one misrepresents another’s argument then attacks the misrepresented (weaker) argument rather than the actual (stronger) argument
32
red herring fallacy
when one introduces an irrelevant topic
33
appeal to authority fallacy
when one appeals to an unqualified authority in support of one’s claim
34
appeal to force fallacy
when one uses a threat to compel agreement with one’s claim
35
appeal to popularity fallacy
when one appeals to the popularity of a belief as a reason to affirm its truth
36
appeal to consequences fallacy
when one appeals to the bad (or good) consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject (or accept) it as true
37
fallacy of equivocation
when one’s argument mistakenly uses the same word in two different senses
38
appeal to ignorance fallacy
when someone reasons from our lack of knowledge that a claim is false (or true) to the assertion the claim is true (or false)
39
slippery slope fallacy
when someone argues, without sufficient reason, one event will lead to a series of events ultimately ending in some further (usually disastrous) event
40
Texas Sharpshooter fallacy
when one selectively uses, or “cherry-picks,” only the evidence supporting their desired conclusion
41
post hoc fallacy
when someone claims some event causes another just because the first event (the alleged cause) occurs before the second event (the alleged effect)
42
hasty generalization fallacy
when someone generalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events
43
begging the question fallacy
a circular argument in which a premise of the argument presumes the truth of the conclusion
44
false dilemma fallacy
when one presumes that there are fewer options (typically two) than there actually are
45
burden of proof shifting fallacy
when one presumes that one’s (implausible) claim is justified unless someone else demonstrates otherwise
46
“level” or “layer” of an argument map
one horizontal row of a carefully drawn argument map
47
Main Conclusion
the final conclusion of the argument
48
Main Premise
one among the set of premises directly supporting the main conclusion
49
Sub-Inference
an inference from a premise to another premise
50
sub-premise
a premise in a sub-inference
51
sub-conclusion
a conclusion in a sub-inference