Class 13

Question 1

Cerebellar damage

Answer 1

Cerebellar ataxia
• Difficulty of coordinating movements (ex. coordinate muscles)
• Dysarthria (symptom)
Affects recalibration of movement after visual distortion
Eyeblink conditioning

Question 2

Dysarthria

Answer 2

cerebellar ataxia of speech output

Question 3

Test of cerebellar damage

Answer 3

Nose test
(touch nose, touch other finger, and back, looking for patterns of activity, and how muscles of arm are working together vs should work)
in cerebellar ataxia - can be overshoot

Question 4

Action tremor

Answer 4

tremors occurring during performance of action

tend to overshoot the movement of the hand`

Question 5

Eyeblink conditioning

Answer 5

when making a blinking response to something being blown in eye - normally eyes close - if tone before than close eyes before air puff happen
timing of a conditioned response

Question 6

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 6

• Dopamine deficiency: Damage to substantia nigra (projects to striatum )
• Overactivity of indirect pathway as a result of lack of inputs to the striatum

Question 7

Positive symptoms of PD

Answer 7

• Tremors - there because other systems are trying to compinase for high level of indirecct pathway of inhibiton
• Rigidity - high actvaton of indirect pathway - blocks movemtn

Question 8

Negative symptoms of PD

Answer 8

• Akinesia/bradykinesia

* Disturbance in posture

Question 9

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 9

• Selective loss of projections from striatum to GPe
• Damages indirect route
- hereditary neurodegenerative disorder (autosomal Dominate)
Chorea
Dystonia

Question 10

Chorea

Answer 10

rapid, jerky, involuntary sequences of movements

Question 11

Dystonia

Answer 11

abnormal posturing due to involuntary muscle contractions

Question 12

Apraxia

Answer 12

Apraxia typically results from lesions of left parietal or frontal lesions, but can result from lesions to multiple areas

• Inability to do skilled, sequential, purposeful movement
Low-level motor processes intact
• Bilateral deficit instead of just contralateral to damage
Thought to be due to damage to the ventrodorsal stream

Question 13

Callosal apraxia

Answer 13

• Disconnection syndrome
• Inability to follow verbal command with left hand
• Corpus callosum severed, so right motor cortex cannot receive commands

Question 14

Can ipsilateral cortex take over for contralateral loss?

Answer 14

potently in PFC

Question 15

Akinesia/bradykinesia

Answer 15

slowness of movements
trouble walking steadily, write, etc.
cueing can help with movement (lines on floor, sound beep, etc) along with medication

Question 16

peri-infarct cortex

Answer 16

tussie surrounding the lesion

Question 17

long term neuroprosteic control leeds to the formation of a

Answer 17

remarkably stable cortical map that is preadily recalled and resistant to the stroage of a second mab

Question 18

Problems with BMI

Answer 18

repeated surgeries, recording devices fail over time

operate in an open loop mode, do not take in sensory information

Question 19

a reward or the antisapaton of a reward triggers

Answer 19

firing of DA neurons

Question 20

dull effect of direct (encoring selected actions) an indirect pathway (discouraging non-selected actions) makes it more likely that

Answer 20

the same response will be initated when the rewared input patern is reactivated in the future.

Question 21

HD progression

Answer 21

rapid progression, usually die within 12 years of onset

Question 22

Hyperkinesia

Answer 22

excessive movements

Question 23

Striatal changes in HD primaraly occour in

Answer 23

inhibatory neurons that form the indirect pathway

Question 24

Atrophy in HD is most prominate in

Answer 24

the basal ganla, death rate is as high as 90% in the striatum

Question 25

PD results from the loss of

Answer 25

DA producing neurone in the SNc

Question 26

Hypokinesia

Answer 26

reduced ablility to initate volentary movements (PD)

Question 27

Bradykinesia

Answer 27

slowing in the rate of movemtn

Question 28

akinesia

Answer 28

absence of volentary movement

Question 29

visual targets, cane, etc. help __ paitents

Answer 29

PD

Question 30

in PD, paitnet may be able to ___ movment but __

Answer 30

plan movements, but without normaly functioning BG the ablility to quickly initate a movement is comprimaised

Question 31

l-dopa can help

Answer 31

PD paitents

considerably improves motor problems

Question 32

l-dopa is

Answer 32

a syntheic precurer for DA
can cross BBB
replacement therapy

Question 33

with l-dopa neurons become

Answer 33

sensatizedm ammount of meducation tends to increase, additional sympoms form this inclde drug induced hyperkenesa, (may be from acting on other normal areas of the brain that becaome overdosed)

Question 34

PD paitents have trouble shifting

Answer 34

mental states, similar to movment

Question 35

Learning is

Answer 35

non-cognative

Question 36

first effects of learning are likely at a __ level

Answer 36

more abstract

Question 37

sea legs are a form of

Answer 37

sensorimotor adaptation

Question 38

Voxels in motor areas show

Answer 38

directional tuning

Question 39

___ essencal for leanring new map, but __ essencal in consoldating new map ( and __ imporant for storing new map)

Answer 39

cerebellum, M1

parietal cortex.