Class Flashcards
Permutation
The number of different ordered possibilities for a certain situation
Variance
A statistical measure of the spread or dispersion of a set of data. Population variance is represented by the symbol σ2, while sample variance is represented by the symbol s2
Inter-quartile range
The difference, in value, between the bottom and top 25 percent of the sample or population
Event
An outcome that occurs
Sampling with replacement
When a piece of the population can be selected more than once
Range
The difference between the minimum and maximum value in a given measurable set
Null hypothesis
The argument that there is no difference between two samples or that a sample has not changed over time
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation used as a starting point for future examination
Significance level
A number that is used as the cutoff for how statistically meaningful a probability, equal to or more extreme than what was observed, is
Trial
An experiment, a test of the performance or qualities of something or someone
Specification limits
The area, on either side of the centerline, or mean, of data plotted on a control chart that meets the customer’s requirements for a product or service. This area may be greater than or less than the area defined by the control limits
Sampling without replacement
When a piece of the population cannot be selected more than once
Scatter diagram
A graphic that uses dots to show relationships or correlations between variables
Control chart
A modified run chart that also provides upper and/or lower limits that a process should not exceed
Standard deviation
The square root of the variance, a measure of how spread out the numbers are
Mutually exclusive events
When two or more events are not able to occur at the same time
Confidence interval
An interval estimate used to indicate reliability
Mean
An average, calculated by adding a series of elements in a dataset together and dividing by the total number in the series
Histogram
A graph that displays continuous data. This type of graph has vertical bars that show the counts or numbers in each range of data.
Cumulative distributions
The probability that a random variable will be found at a value less than or equal to a given number
Bar chart
A graph that measures the distribution of data over discrete groups or categories.
Probability
The chance of an event occurring
Alternative hypothesis
The argument that typically states that the sample is not equal to the hypothesized null sample
test statistic
One value used to test the hypothesis, it is a numerical summary of the dataset
Run chart
A line chart that shows performance measurements over time; run charts help to uncover trends or aberrations in processes
Median
The value or quantity lying at the midpoint of a frequency distribution
Z-score
A statistical measure that indicates the number of standard deviations a data point is from its mean
Percentile
The value at which a certain percentage of the sample or population fall below
Probability density function
Often used to represent probabilities of continuous data, a probability density function (pdf) gives the probability that a continuous random variable is equal to the area below it
Combination
The number of different unordered possibilities for a certain situation
Line graph
A graph that illustrates relationships between two changing variables with a line or curve that connects a series of successive data points
Multiplication Principle
When the probabilities of multiple events are multiplied together to determine the likelihood of all of those events occurring
Complement
The occurrence of an event not happening, the opposite
