Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro 600 > Class 1: Intro > Flashcards

Class 1: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Synapse

A

Point of connection at which a neuron communicates with another cell (usually another neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two types of synapses

A
  1. chemical (separated by a synaptic cleft; transmission via neurotransmitters)
  2. electrical (aka gap junctions). Super speedy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Propagation of a nerve impulse: Presynaptic

A

Action potiential reaches axon bulb

Voltage gated Ca+ open –> Ca+ floods into neuron

Vesicles migrate to cell membrane and exocytose their contents into synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Propagation of a nerve impulse: Postsynaptic

A

Neurotransmitters fit into receptors on post-synaptic membrane

Excitatory NTs cause Na+ channels to open, depolarizing (making more positive) the inside of the cell.

If the postsynaptic potential reaches -70 mV, then voltage gated Na+ channels open, propagating AP down cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A

Depolarizing postsynaptic potential

May take a number of EPSPs in order to reach threshold required to initiate a nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A

Hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential.

Makes the inside more negative, thus making it more difficult to generate an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What channels are opened up by inhibitory NTs?

A

K+ (outbound) and/or Cl- (inbound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the main excitatory NTs?

A

ACh (at neuromuscular junctions)

Glutamate (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are NTs removed from synaptic cleft?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. enzymatic degradaton (ie ACh-esterase)
  3. reuptake by cell (another form of receptor-mediated endocytosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Serotonin

A

5HT (hydroxytryptamine)
Monoamine
Converted from tryptophan by B6
80% in GI tract. Also brain, smooth muscle

Excitatory

Affects mood, sleep, pain, appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What enzyme breaks down serotonin?

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

“Modulator” NTs

A

Slower acting, longer lasting.

Include 5HT, DA, NE and many small peptide molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dopamine

A

Amine

Excitatory (and inhibitory)
Brain, smooth muscle

Controls arousal levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Amine

Excitatory
Brain, smooth muscle

Induce arousal, heighten mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Acetic acid

Excitatory and inhibitory

PNS, brainstem

Memory, vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GABA

A

amino acid

Inhibitory

Brain

Controls anxiety levels

17
Q

Enkephalin

A

Neuropeptide (opiate)

Inhibitory

Brain, spinal cord

Reduce stress, promotes calm, analgesic

18
Q

What are the three main endogenous opiates

A

Enkephalin
Endorphin
Dynorphin

19
Q

Dale’s Principle

A

Belief that only one neurotransmitter is produced by each neurofibre. Incorrect

20
Q

A single nerve cell may have how many synapses?

A

Hundreds or thousands; however each input may be so small that many inputs are required for an action potential to be generated.

21
Q

Nicotine

A

ACh agonist

22
Q

Curare

A

ACh antagonist at NMjunction. Blocks muscle contraction

23
Q

Cocaine

A

Blocks DA reuptake

24
Q

Sarin (and similar nerve agents)

A

Blocks ACh-esterase

25
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Destruction of ACh receptors at NMjunction

26
Q

Neuropil

A

Dense tangle of dendrites, axon terminals, and glial cells in CNS.

Where most synaptic connectivity occurs

27
Q

The components of a Neural Circuit

A
  1. afferent
  2. efferent
  3. interneuron
28
Q

Myotatic Reflex

A
  1. Hammer tap stretches tendon –> afferent fibre to dorsal root ganglion
  2. Afferent fibre synapses with Efferent fibre in ventral horn, which activates extensor muscle(s)
  3. Afferent fibre also synapses with Interneuron, with synapses with a different Efferent fibre, which inhibits the antagonist (flexor) muscle
29
Q

Neuronal Pool

A

Group of interconnected neurons with a specific function

Patterns of interaction can be diagrammed as a “neural circuit”

30
Q

Five Neural Circuit patterns

A
  1. divergence
  2. convergence
  3. serial processing
  4. parallel processing
  5. reverberation
31
Q

Divergence

A

Spread of information from one neuron to many
Allows broad distribution of signal
ie. sensory neurons –> neuronal pools throughout SC and brain

32
Q

Convergence

A

Several neurons synapse with one postsynaptic neuron

Can allow for one motor neuron to be under both coscious and nonconscious control

33
Q

Serial Processing

A

Stepwise relay of information from one neuron or neuronal pool to another

ex pain pathways

34
Q

Parallel processing

A

Divergence then serial processing

Allows for diverse simultaneous responses

35
Q

Reverberation

A

Positive feedback loop constantly stimulating presynaptic neuron

Will continue until synaptic fatigue or inhibitory stimuli

Consciousness, muscular coordination, normal breathing

Neuro 600 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions