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PH717 Quantitative Methods > Class 1: Descriptive Study Designs > Flashcards

Class 1: Descriptive Study Designs Flashcards

1
Q

Source Population

A

A group of people with at least one common characteristic (person, place, time, event/exposure)

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2
Q

Fixed population

A

Defined that an event that happens once; permanent membership

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3
Q

Dynamic population

A

Defined by state or condition; transient membership

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4
Q

Sample

A

a subset of the population; ideally selected at random and is representative of the population

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5
Q

Exposure (x)

A

measurable characteristics that differ across individuals and might affect/be associated with health

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6
Q

Examples of Exposures

A

demographics, behaviors, environmental factors, policies, health conditions

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7
Q

Health Outcomes (y)

A

Any measurable disease, disability, injury, infection, syndrome, symptom, biological or subclinical marker, or positive health state

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8
Q

Association

A

a statistical relationship vs causation which implies that exposure produces health effects

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9
Q

Causation

A

The exposure produces the effect

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10
Q

Things needed to demonstrate causation

A
  1. association
  2. correct time order
  3. direction of effect (exposure results in health outcome)
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11
Q

Exposures/Risk Factors/ Determinants

A

put individuals at higher risk for an outcome

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12
Q

Modifiable Exposures/Risk Factors/ Determinants

A

behaviors, housing, education, gender identity

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13
Q

Non-modifiable Exposures/Risk Factors/ Determinants

A

age, sex at birth, race/ethnicity

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14
Q

Surrogate markers Exposures/Risk Factors/ Determinants

A

for ill defined/unknown/hard to measure exposure

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15
Q

Descriptive Study Design

A

description of disease patters, hypothesis generation

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16
Q

Types of Descriptive Studies

A

case reports, case-series, cross-sectional, ecologic

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17
Q

Analytic Design Studies

A

Compare groups to test hypothesis and evaluate interventions

18
Q

Types of Analytic Studies

A

Observational, comparison studies, evaluations

19
Q

Observational and Comparison Studies

A

case-control, cohort studies

20
Q

Evaluation of intervention

A

clinical trials

21
Q

Case Report

A

description of a single individual’s experience with a health outcome

22
Q

Case Series

A

description of a group of individuals’ experiences with health outcomes

23
Q

Strengths of case reports/series

A

-relatively quick and inexpensive
-often conducted on available data
-recognized and describe new/emerging health problems
-generate hypotheses based on similarities among group
-insight into disease mechanisms

24
Q

Limitations of case reports/series

A

-no formal comparison groups
-cannot infer temporal sequence

25
Q

Ecologic Studies

A

based on exposure and health outcome at a point in time for more than individuals (counties, states, countries)

26
Q

Unique Feature of Ecologic Studies

A

unit of measurement is NOT individuals; the data are averages among different populations

27
Q

Strengths of Ecological Studies

A

-relatively quick and inexpensive
-often conducted on available data
-good for early stage of knowledge
-wider range of exposures
-may wish to study ecologic relationships
-only population level data (e.g. good for laws)

28
Q

Limitations of Ecologic Studies

A

-ecologic fallacy: an exposure to cause an effect in an individual, the exposure and effect should occur in the same person
-can’t attribute population data to an individual
-little to no control for confounding factors

29
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies

A

individuals defined according to current exposure and health out come at a single point in time

can measure prevalence of exposure and outcome at that time

30
Q

Strengths of a Cross-Sectional study

A

-relatively quick and inexpensive
-often conducted on available data
-useful for early stage of knowledge
-useful for public health planning

31
Q

Limitations of Cross-Sectional Studies

A

-temporal sequence is often unclear
-prevalent cases of long duration may bias results

32
Q

Continuous Variable

A

assumes any value between minimum and maximum (infinite)

e.g. blood pressure, viral load

33
Q

Summary of Continuous variables

A

-sample mean or median, and standard deviation or interquartile range

34
Q

Ordinal variables

A

more than two ranked responses (1,2,3)

35
Q

Summary of Ordinal Variables

A

frequencies and percentages

36
Q

Categorical Variables

A

grouped and unordered (gender, religion)

37
Q

Summary of Categorical Variables

A

frequencies and percentages

38
Q

Dichotomous Variables

A

2 response options

39
Q

Summary of Dichotomous Variables

A

frequencies and percentages

40
Q

Discrete

A

variables that assume only a finite number of values (dichotomous, ordinal, categorical)

PH717 Quantitative Methods (1 decks)

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