Class 1: Cognition Definitions and Components Ch. 1-2 Flashcards
What is acquired brain injury?
Catch all phrase: CVA, TBI, GSW
What is a traumatic brain injury?
Some sort of trauma was sustained to the brain.
What are the forces shaping cognitive rehabilitation?
Neuroplasticity, advances in technology, empowerment, changes in healthcare (much less time in rehab), focus on function
What factors can influence their success?
Physical, emotional, social, cognitive. As a clinician you cannot isolate these aspects.
Why is treatment key to cognitive rehab?
It improves cognitive processes and behavioral skills. Compensates for cognitive and behavioral limitations.
What is cognition?
Process of knowing! Mental processes involved in how we acquire, store, manipulate, and retrieve information – through thought, experience, and the senses. Understanding, retention, the expression and application of knowledge in the APPROPRIATE situations.
Domains of cognition
Awareness, attention, memory, language, executive function
What is language of confusion?
True words but no semantic content after brain injury.
What is attention?
Basic foundation for you to do any other cognitive component. How long can you attend, how much you can attend to, how many things can you attend to?
What are examples of external stimuli of attention?
Lights, noise
What is voluntary attention?
You are choosing to attend to something
What are the two important features of attention?
Capacity limitation and selection
What is the resource allocation theory?
Humans are able to flexibly allocate resources from a single cognitive pool to various cognitive tasks. Task demands has large factor in success.
Tasks using different modalities are easier to attend to.
Ex. talking on the phone and making a salad.
What is the central bottleneck model?
Cognitive resources are sequentially allocated to specific tasks vs simultaneously allocated to multiple tasks.
Switching back and forth between tasks
What is the early filter theory?
All stimuli receive preliminary analysis, but unattended stimuli are filtered out early
What is the filter attention theory?
Relevant stimuli are selected early on, but unattended stimuli are attenuated
What is the late filter attention theory? (selective attention)
All stimuli are analyzed early, but focus determined based on “importance weighting”
What is Alerting, Orienting, and Target Selection
ALERTING- Ability to prepare for and sustain alertness to relevant stimuli
ORIENTING- Direction of attention toward a specific location for processing of stimuli
TARGET SELECTION- Now referred to as Executive Control
Effortful control of attention: error detection, resolving conflict
Target selection involvement?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior insula
Orienting involvement?
Frontal lobe involvement, depends on the stimulus. Sensory input could affect a different lobe
Alerting involvement?
Right frontal and parietal lobe involvement
What is Sohlberg & Mateer’s model of attention?
Clinically based-
Focused: do they respond and orient to auditory, visual, tactile stimuli? VERY BASIC LEVEL
Sustained: ability to maintain attention to an ongoing, repetitive task for a period of time holding onto phone number long enough to write it down)
1. vigilence
2. working memory
What is vigilance?
maintenance of attention e.g. listening to a story
What is working memory?
holding onto information long enough to use for task e.g. holding onto phone number long enough to write it down
What is selective attention?
ability to sustain attention to a target in the presence of competing stimuli
avoiding distractions
What is alternating attention?
ability to flexibly switch back and forth between 2 different tasks and instructions
What is divided attention?
Ability to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously. Most complex and high level form of attention.
What is executive control of attention? (Updated Sohlberk & Mateer taxonomy of attention)
Selective: process information while inhibiting responses to nontarget information
Alternating: shift focus between tasks
Suppression: control impulsive responding
Working Memory: ability to hold and manipulate information in mind
Process of being able to retain information
attention, encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval
What is proactive interference?
When recall of previously learned material makes it harder to recall new material (e.g. writing the 2021 vs 2022 the first month after a new year OR Epic: electronic medical record system)
What is retroactive interference?
competing (newer) information hampers the storage and recall of recently or previously learned information (when a new rule is applied to a game; could forget what the previous rule was)
What areas are important for storage?
Hippocampus and medial temporal lobes
What is retrieval?
The act of pulling information from storage - typically long term storage. Can strengthen representation in long term storage.
What lobe is important to memory?
Frontal
Types of memory?
Time dependent (STM and LTM) content dependent (LTM only)
What is declarative memory?
“What we know about things” Fact based memories: birthdays, cranial nerves Conscious, intentional memory / recall Medial Temporal Lobe Hippocampus Episodic and semantic
What is episodic memory?
Recall of personal events tagged in time / place
Specific to individuals
Your first love, vacations, awards
*Most vulnerable to ABI – particularly TBI
Episodic memory can lead to semantic memory
What is semantic memory?
General / book knowledge: facts, word meanings, dates of historical events
Generally preserved for prior knowledge, but difficult for new learning following ABI
What is non-declarative implicit memory?
Unconscious, non-intentional learning (acquire without having to think about it)
Does not require manipulation of higher level cognitive processes
Does not rely on episodic memory
Basal Ganglia, Motor Cortex, Stimulus dependent sensory areas (occipital, temporal)
What is procedural memory?
Motor skills: riding a bike, jump rope
Cognitive skills: learning strategies to perform a skill based on operant conditioning (cause / effect)
Board games / checkers – repeated exposure
May not recall the actual instructions on how, but when given the same task, can complete it
What is priming memory?
Cues can prompt recall without the person being aware of the info previously presented. Exposure.
Nervous system altered by previous exposure
What is prospective memory?
Knowing you have to do something in the future.
What is metamemory? (metacognition)
Awareness about one’s own memory functioning
What is a phonologic loop?
temporary storage for sounds / speech sounds to keep it in conscious awareness
What is a visualspatial sketch pad?
temporary storage of visual, spatial and tactile information
What is executive control in working memory?
connects working memory to LTM
important for executive function: reasoning
What is the 3 part system of working memory?
phonologic loop, visuospatial sketch pad, executive control
What are executive functioning skills?
self monitoring, goal setting, flexible thinking, organizing and prioritizing, working memory
6 primary categories of clinically based approach to executive functioning?
Initiation and drive Response inhibition Task persistence Organization Generative thinking Awareness
What is response inhibition?
Stopping behaviors, not saying everything that comes to mind
What is task persistance?
Staying with a task until it’s completed. (like sustained attention)
What is organization?
Identifying goals, planning and time sense?
What is generative thinking?
Creativity, flexibility, generating multiple solutions
What is awareness
monitoring and modifying one’s own behaviors
